1. Pig Flow Dr. Locke Karriker, DVM, MS R.B. Baker, DVM, MS Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine VDPAM 310 Introduction to Production Medicine Swine Topics Lecture 1

2. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine The Evolution of Pig Farming Pre 1950 –Small subsistence herds < 10 sows 1950 to 1970 –“Mortgage lifter”+/- 100 sows –Outdoor continuous flow farrow to finish –Selling or growing feeder pigs – “on dirt” –Pigs were produced in batches in mid west –Produced continuously in the south

3. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Industry Structure: Historical Perspectives Before 1980 –high zoonosis potential Interface with wildlife and other domestic species –Low productivity/efficiency >8 million sows producing <100 million pigs < 12 pigs per sow per year –Different set of disease agents –More chronic diseases/syndromes –Higher suckling pig mortality –Little genetic improvement Pigs were fat >3.5 pounds of feed per pound of gain Slow growth rates

4. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine SOW FARM / BREEDING HERD

5. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine

6. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine

7. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine

8. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Historical Industry Perspectives After the late 1970’s Margins and Efficiencies drove the industry –Feed costs Very low – corn hybrids and productive years –Biological potential of the pig realized Repetitive reproductive potential Almost amazing growth potential –3 to 300# in six months –Value created per pig $30/pig margins –Disease impact was highly variable during the period

9. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Historical Industry Perspectives Visionaries of the Day –Producers Wendell Murphy, Bill Prestage, and others –Breeding Stock Roy Pogue, Ken Woolley, and others –Processors Joseph W. Luter III –Wall Street Investment Bankers –Brand Marketers Hormel etc. –First Integrators Premium Standard Farms

10. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Historical Industry Perspectives Biosecurity Development –Before 1980 there was little SPF and some genetic companies –Derived from observation - intuition –Types of Biosecurity Internal External –Last 5 years more science based

11. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Pigs and Facilities Age Groups Breeding and Gestation-Sows / Boars – (Adults) Farrowing / lactation-Piglets & Sows for 3 wks Nursery-Pigs 7 wks Finisher-Pigs 18 - 22 wks FwNFn B&G SowsPigs Market

16. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Pig flow systems Basic concepts of pig movement

17. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Pig Facility Development 1975 to 1985 –Change to total confinement Improved welfare for people and pigs –Continuous flow (high disease burden) 1985 to 1995 –Change to All-In, All-Out in all production stages Multisite production This design eliminated many diseases –Barn sizes based on the slaughter haul truck –Economies of scale and biologic efficiencies were realized

18. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Variety Different sizes and types

19. British Radial Production

20. Single Site: Continuous Flow

26. Basic Pig Flow Phase Review

27. PROCESS BEGINS SOW UNIT BREEDING & GESTATION DEPARTMENT

28. PHASE 1 SOW UNIT FARROWING DEPARTMENT

29. PHASE 2 NURSERY

30. PHASE 3 FINISHING

31. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Basic Pig Flow Sow Unit  Market

32. Sow Unit Finisher 1 Finisher 2 Nursery MARKETMARKET Isoweans Feeder Pigs Fat Hogs Finishers Fats Market Hogs MARKETMARKET Weaners Basic Flow 8 – 15 lbs 35 – 75 lbs 220 – 290 lbs

33. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine

34. IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market PigsFat hogs / Fats The BIG Picture Finishers IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats

35. Production Systems Single, Two, Three and Four? Site Systems

36. Single Site

37. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Single Site: All-in, All-out

38. Two Site (Option A) Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2

39. Two Site (Option B) Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2

40. Multisite: Nursery

41. Three Site Site 1 Site 3 Site 2 Site 1 Site 3 Site 2

42. Three or Four Site? Site 1 Site 3 Site 2 Site 4? Two Site 3’s X Site 3 Two Site 3’s

43. Multisite: B/G/F

44. Group/Cohort Origin Single vs. Multiple Source

48. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine AGE SEGREGATED REARING Summary All In – All Out production –The most significant change in production practices over the past 100 years. –One age group per room or building Limits disease spread –Reduces and slows the horizontal transmission cycle Much Better at meeting the pig’s needs –Feed optimized for each age –Temperature optimized –Space and water delivery optimized –Improved vaccine efficacy –Etc.

49. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Modern pig farm The female population is divided into ~20 by-week groups of pregnant sows/gilts –Farrow a different group each week –Replacements are added to each group-week –3 to 4 weeks lactation –1 week breeding –15 weeks gestation –Ideal total time from wean to wean is 19 weeks –Each female would ideally/potentially farrow 2.74 times/year

50. Single Sow Sources Nursery Four Nursery Sites Each Site has a Single Sow Source

51. Multiple Sow Sources Nursery Four Nursery Sites One Nursery Building per Site One Nursery Room per Building

52. Multiple Sow Sources Nursery One Nursery Site Three Nursery Buildings One Nursery Room per Building One Nursery Site One Nursery Building Ten Nursery Rooms per Building

53. Quiz Time!

54. How Many Nursery Sites Have a Single Sow Source per Site? Nursery 2

55. How Many Nursery Buildings Have a Single Sow Source per Building? Nursery 4

56. How Many Nursery Rooms Have a Single Sow Source per Room? Nursery 14

57. Summary One sow unit supplies pigs to multiple nurseries Each nursery supplies pigs to at least two different finishers Production systems can be categorized as: –Single, two, or three site systems –Single or Multiple sow source system Each system has pros and cons Understanding pig flow is essential in allowing you to better address the system’s pig health options

58. 9 Week Cycle Example

59. Most larger operations (>500 sows) have farrowings on a daily basis –Most ship pigs either once or twice a week This means, there needs to be an infrastructure (i.e. buildings) to receive pigs every week

60. Sow Unit Finisher 1 Finisher 2 Nursery MARKETMARKET Isoweans Feeder Pigs Fat Hogs Finishers Fats Market Hogs MARKETMARKET Weaners Basic Flow 8 – 15 lbs 35 – 75 lbs 220 – 290 lbs

61. IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market PigsFat hogs / Fats The BIG Picture Finishers IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats

62. Sow Unit 0 Week # 1 Nursery

63. Sow Unit 1 Week # 2 0

64. Sow Unit 2 Week # 3 10

65. Sow Unit 3 Week # 4 21 0

66. Sow Unit 4 Week # 5 32 1 0

67. Sow Unit 5 Week # 6 43 2 1 0

68. Sow Unit 6 Week # 7 54 3 2 1 0

69. Sow Unit 7 Week # 8 65 4 3 2 1 0

70. Sow Unit 8 Week # 9 76 5 4 3 2 1 0

71. 9 week turn means that each nursery will receive pigs every 9 weeks This means that the producer who got pigs in week 1 will receive the next group of pigs in week 10 Because of this, the producer must make room in the nursery for the next group of pigs before week 10

72. Sow Unit 8 Week # 9.5 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 Finisher

73. Sow Unit Week # 9.5 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

74. Sow Unit Week # 10 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 0

75. Sow Unit Week # 10.5 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 0

76. Sow Unit Week # 11 08 7 6 5 4 3 2 2.5 1 0.5

77. Sow Unit Week # 11.5 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 10

78. Sow Unit Week # 12 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2.5 2 1.50.5

79. Sow Unit Week # 13 21 0 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.51.5

80. Sow Unit Week # 14 32 1 0 8 7 6 5 4.5 4 3.52.5

81. Sow Unit Week # 15 43 2 1 0 8 7 6 5.5 5 4.53.5

82. Sow Unit Week # 16 54 3 2 1 0 8 7 6.5 6 5.54.5

83. Sow Unit Week # 17 65 4 3 2 1 0 8 7.5 7 6.55.5

84. Sow Unit Week # 18 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 8.5 8 7.56.5

85. Sow Unit Week # 19 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 9.5 0 8.57.50.5

86. Sow Unit Week # 20 08 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 1 9.58.51.50.5

87. Sow Unit Week # 21 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 11 2 109.52.51.50.5

88. Sow Unit Week # 22 21 0 8 7 6 5 4 12 3 11103.52.51.5

89. Sow Unit Week # 23 32 1 0 8 7 6 5 13 4 12114.53.52.5

90. Sow Unit Week # 24 43 2 1 0 8 7 6 14 5 13125.54.53.5

91. Sow Unit Week # 25 54 3 2 1 0 8 7 15 6 14136.55.54.5

92. Sow Unit Week # 26 65 4 3 2 1 0 8 16 7 15147.56.55.5

93. Sow Unit Week # 27 65 4 3 2 1 0 8 16 7 15147.56.55.5

94. Sow Unit Week # 28 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 17 8 16158.57.56.5

95. Sow Unit Week # 28 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 17 8 16158.57.56.5

96. Sow Unit Week # 28.5 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1716987

97. Sow Unit Week # 29 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 0 17169.58.57.5

98. Sow Unit Week # 29 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 0 17169.58.57.5

99. Sow Unit Week # 29.5 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 0171098

100. Sow Unit Week # 30 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.517109.58.5 0

101. Sow Unit Week # 30 08 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.517109.58.5

102. Sow Unit Week # 30.5 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1011109

103. Sow Unit Week # 31 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 2.5 2 1.50.511109.5 1

104. Sow Unit Week # 32 21 0 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.51.5121110

105. Sow Unit Week # 33 32 1 0 8 7 6 5 4.5 4 3.52.5131211

106. Sow Unit Week # 34 43 2 1 0 8 7 6 5.5 5 4.53.5141312

107. Sow Unit Week # 35 54 3 2 1 0 8 7 6.5 6 5.54.5151413

108. Sow Unit Week # 36 65 4 3 2 1 0 8 7.5 7 6.55.5161514

109. Sow Unit Week # 37 65 4 3 2 1 0 8 7.5 7 6.55.5161514

110. Sow Unit Week # 38 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 8.5 8 7.56.5171615

111. Sow Unit Week # 39 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 8.5 8 7.56.5171615

112. Sow Unit Week # 39.5 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8701716

113. Sow Unit Week # 40 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 9.5 0 8.57.50.51716

114. Sow Unit Week # 40 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 9.5 0 8.57.50.51716

115. Sow Unit Week # 40.5 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 0 981017

116. Sow Unit Week # 41 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 1 9.58.51.50.517 0

117. Sow Unit Week # 41 08 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 1 9.58.51.50.517

118. Sow Unit Week # 41.5 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 11 1 109210

119. Sow Unit Week # 42 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 11 2 109.52.51.50.5 1

120. Sow Unit Week # 43 21 0 8 7 6 5 4 12 3 11103.52.51.5

121. Sow Unit Week # 44 32 1 0 8 7 6 5 13 4 12114.53.52.5

122. Sow Unit Week # 45 43 2 1 0 8 7 6 14 5 13125.54.53.5

123. Sow Unit Week # 46 54 3 2 1 0 8 7 15 6 14136.55.54.5

124. Sow Unit Week # 47 65 4 3 2 1 0 8 16 7 15147.56.55.5

125. Sow Unit Week # 48 65 4 3 2 1 0 8 16 7 15147.56.55.5

126. Sow Unit Week # 49 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 17 8 16158.57.56.5

127. Sow Unit Week # 50 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 17 8 16158.57.56.5

128. Sow Unit Week # 50.5 76 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1716987

129. Sow Unit Week # 51 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 0 17169.58.57.5

130. Sow Unit Week # 51 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 0 17169.58.57.5

131. Sow Unit Week # 51.5 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 0171098

132. Sow Unit Week # 52 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.517109.58.5 0

133. Sow Unit Week # 52 08 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.517109.58.5

134. Sow Unit Week # 52.5 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1011109

135. Sow Unit Week # 53 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 2.5 2 1.50.511109.5 1

136. Sow Unit Week # 54 21 0 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.51.5121110