1. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–13–1 10.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds "Organic chemistry nowadays almost drives me mad. To me it appears like a primeval tropical forest full of the most remarkable things, a dreadful endless jungle into which one does not dare enter for there seems to be no way out." Friedrich Wöhler, 1835

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–23–2 10.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds Organic chemicals contain carbon. It was thought that organic compounds could only be formed in living organisms; they required a “vital force” to be produced. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon (with a few exceptions) and can be obtained from mineral sources.

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–33–3 10.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler produced urea from inorganic compounds.

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–43–4 10.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds And then the fun began! Synthetic Dyes: William Perkin, 1856 Carbohydrates: Emil Fischer, 1884 Aspirin: Felix Hoffmann, 1899 Plastics: Leo Baekeland, 1908 Antibiotics: Early 20 th Century

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–53–5 Figure 10.1 Number of known compounds

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–63–6 10.2 Bonding Characteristics of Carbon Carbon forms very strong bonds with itself and other elements. Carbon forms bonds with many geometries.

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–73–7 Bond energies in kJ/mol (single bonds) Other 4A: Si-Si, 222 kJ/mol; Ge-Ge, 188 kJ/mol HCNOF H436413391463565 C347293358485 N163201272 O146190 F155

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–83–8 Bond Geometries for Carbon Tetrahedral:Four single bonds (that’s a lot!) Trigonal planar:One double bond and two single bonds Linear:One triple bond and one single bond or Two double bonds

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–93–9 How Do We Keep Track? Functional Groups!

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–10 1.Hydrocarbons (contain only C and H) 2.Alcohols (R–O–H, similar to H–O–H ) 3.Carbonyls (C=O) 4.Carboxylic Acids 5.Esters (from carboxylic acids and alcohols) 3 4 5

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–11 6.Amines (ammonia with carbon) 7.Amino acids (carboxylic acid and amine) 8.Amides (from carboxylic acid and amine) 678

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–12 Hydrocarbons 1.Alkanes; all carbons are tetrahedral 2.Alkenes; contain double bonds 3.Aromatics; contain alternating double and single bonds in ring structures

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–13 10.4 Alkanes

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–14 10.5 Structural formulas

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–15 10.6 Structural Isomerism Simple alkanes have formulas C x H 2x+2. More than one structure can have the formula! C 4 H 10

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–16 10.6 Structural Isomerism C 5 H 12

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–17 10.7 Conformations of Alkanes Atoms can rotate around single bonds, so alkanes are quite flexible!

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–18 10.9 Cycloalkanes Hydrocarbons in which the carbons are con- nected in ring structures. Formula: C x H 2x

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–19 10.12 Sources of Hydrocarbons Petroleum (rock oil) is a mixture of hydrocarbons found dome-shaped rock formations.

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–20 10.12 Sources of Hydrocarbons The mixture is sep- arated by distil- lation based on boiling points of the hydrocarbons.