1. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Plus some other stuff from 10 and 18…

2. Objective A (corresponds to Study Guide) As you know, matter is anything that As you know, matter is anything that Has mass Has mass Has volume (ie, takes up space) Has volume (ie, takes up space) Matter is either a Matter is either a Pure Substance Pure Substance Mixture of substances Mixture of substances Substances are Substances are Elements on Periodic Table Elements on Periodic Table Compounds with two or more elements chemically bonded. Compounds with two or more elements chemically bonded.

3. Breakdown of Matter NO  Can Separate Physically  Yes

4. Mass vs Weight http://www.pdclipart.org/displayimage.php?album=68&pos=99 http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=electronic+balance+picture&ie=UTF- 8&oe=UTF-8 We really use them interchangeably in normal speech. We really use them interchangeably in normal speech. MASS = amount of matter MASS = amount of matter WEIGHT = force of gravity acting on that matter WEIGHT = force of gravity acting on that matter

5. Mass vs Weight http://img2.allposters.com/images/SPA/F2104.jpg If you weigh 120 pounds here, you would only weigh 20 pounds on the moon. If you weigh 120 pounds here, you would only weigh 20 pounds on the moon. Weight would change. Weight would change. Mass would not change. You have the same amount of mass everywhere. Mass would not change. You have the same amount of mass everywhere.

6. Mass vs Weight Just know that MOST TIMES in Chemistry class, if we say WEIGHT, we really mean Just know that MOST TIMES in Chemistry class, if we say WEIGHT, we really mean MASS MASS For example, lots of times I will say atomic weight or molecular weight. To be completely correct, I should say atomic mass or molecular mass. NBD, ok? For example, lots of times I will say atomic weight or molecular weight. To be completely correct, I should say atomic mass or molecular mass. NBD, ok?

7. Objective b…Properties Matter has Matter has Physical properties (can be observed without changing the composition or makeup) Physical properties (can be observed without changing the composition or makeup) Chemical properties (can only be observed during a chemical reaction, which changes it into a NEW substance) Chemical properties (can only be observed during a chemical reaction, which changes it into a NEW substance) Boiling Na in H 2 O

8. Objective b…Properties http://www.weathernewengland.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/melting_snow.jpg Physical properties include Physical properties include Melting point, boiling point, density, color, odor, etc Melting point, boiling point, density, color, odor, etc Words like freeze, boil, melt, dissolve, break, cut, grind, etc all indicate that a physical change has taken place. Words like freeze, boil, melt, dissolve, break, cut, grind, etc all indicate that a physical change has taken place.

9. Objective b…Properties http://pop.acd.ucar.edu/Images/rust.jpg Chemical properties include Chemical properties include Rusting, flammability, etc Rusting, flammability, etc Words like burn, rust, decompose, spoil, explode, etc all indicate that a chemical change has taken place. Words like burn, rust, decompose, spoil, explode, etc all indicate that a chemical change has taken place. Many reactions speed up with an increase in temperature. That’s why you put food in the refrigerator to keep it longer; it decomposes or spoils at a slower rate than if it was at room temperature. Many reactions speed up with an increase in temperature. That’s why you put food in the refrigerator to keep it longer; it decomposes or spoils at a slower rate than if it was at room temperature.

10. Objective c…States of Matter http://www.seaice.org.uk/research/graphics/hailuoto/Translucent_ice_block.jpg, http://www.terragalleria.com/pictures-subjects/thermal-steam/, http://i.treehugger.com/images/2007/10/24/ocean%20wave-jj-001.jpg http://www.seaice.org.uk/research/graphics/hailuoto/Translucent_ice_block.jpg http://www.terragalleria.com/pictures-subjects/thermal-steam/ http://i.treehugger.com/images/2007/10/24/ocean%20wave-jj-001.jpg http://www.seaice.org.uk/research/graphics/hailuoto/Translucent_ice_block.jpg http://www.terragalleria.com/pictures-subjects/thermal-steam/ http://i.treehugger.com/images/2007/10/24/ocean%20wave-jj-001.jpg Solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g) are 3 of the 6 states of matter. Solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g) are 3 of the 6 states of matter. NaCl (s), H 2 O (l), CO 2 (g) are examples NaCl (s), H 2 O (l), CO 2 (g) are examples We will talk about States of Matter in great detail in Chapter 10. Chapter 12 is also devoted entirely to gases and their behavior. We will talk about States of Matter in great detail in Chapter 10. Chapter 12 is also devoted entirely to gases and their behavior. We use a 4th state symbol (aq). It stands for “aqueous” and is used to describe something that has been dissolved in water. We use a 4th state symbol (aq). It stands for “aqueous” and is used to describe something that has been dissolved in water. NaCl (aq) NaCl (aq) (s) (l) (g )

11. Objective c…States of Matter http://website.lineone.net/~zyra/merc16a.jpg http://www.indiamart.com/sujaychemicals/pcat-gifs/products-small/liquid-20bromine_10438902.jpg Most of the elements on the Periodic Table are solids at room temperature. Most of the elements on the Periodic Table are solids at room temperature. There are 2 liquids at room temperature There are 2 liquids at room temperature Mercury (Hg) and Bromine (Br) Mercury (Hg) and Bromine (Br) There are 11 gases at room temperature. There are 11 gases at room temperature. The Northeast Corner of the Periodic Table takes care of 10 of them [Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn)] The Northeast Corner of the Periodic Table takes care of 10 of them [Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn)] Hydrogen (H) is the other. Hydrogen (H) is the other. Br 2 (l) Hg (l)

12. Differences between States PropertySolidLiquidGas ShapeDefiniteVariableVariable VolumeDefiniteDefiniteVariable Expands w/heating Very Slightly ModeratelyGreatly Compressible?NoNoYes

13. Objective c…Vapor vs Gas http://www.onlygowns.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/perfume-bottles.jpg http://www.piratecove.com.ph/Images/diveSchool/Scuba-Diver-01.jpg Vapors and Gases are both…well…gases Vapors and Gases are both…well…gases A VAPOR describes molecules in the gaseous state of a substance that is NORMALLY liquid or solid at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. A VAPOR describes molecules in the gaseous state of a substance that is NORMALLY liquid or solid at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. A GAS is a substance that is in the gaseous state at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. A GAS is a substance that is in the gaseous state at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. You smell the perfume’s vapors O 2 gas in the tank to breathe.

14. Power Point Assignment If your last name ends in A-L If your last name ends in A-L Research distillation online. Write a 150 word summary on what you learned. Research distillation online. Write a 150 word summary on what you learned. Be prepared to take a “one question quiz” on anything learned in this power point. Be prepared to take a “one question quiz” on anything learned in this power point. If your last name ends in M-Z If your last name ends in M-Z Research chromatography online. Write a 150 word summary on what you learned. Research chromatography online. Write a 150 word summary on what you learned. Be prepared to take a “one question quiz” on anything learned in this power point. Be prepared to take a “one question quiz” on anything learned in this power point.

15. Objective d…Mixtures http://www.iwu.edu/~wellness/salad.jpg, http://ipl.pipnet.com/eggs/koolaid-large.jpg 2 types of mixtures 2 types of mixtures Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Two or More Phases Two or More Phases Homogeneous Homogeneous One Phase One Phase Phase = any part of a chemical system with a uniform composition and properties. Phase = any part of a chemical system with a uniform composition and properties. Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions (Chap 18). Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions (Chap 18).

16. Objective d…Mixtures http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution.html Koolaid, alloys (solutions of metals like brass or steel) and air (solution of gases) are solutions you might know. Koolaid, alloys (solutions of metals like brass or steel) and air (solution of gases) are solutions you might know. Heterogeneous mixtures are things like a salad or a pepperoni pizza. You can easily see the different phases and easily separate them. Heterogeneous mixtures are things like a salad or a pepperoni pizza. You can easily see the different phases and easily separate them. Mixtures aren’t pure. Substances are. Mixtures can be separated into substances by physical means. Mixtures aren’t pure. Substances are. Mixtures can be separated into substances by physical means.

17. Objective d…Mixtures http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/activity/distil.htm Types of physical separation techniques used to separate mixtures. Types of physical separation techniques used to separate mixtures. Distillation (separate alcohol from water) Distillation (separate alcohol from water) Chromatography (separate components of an ink into different spots) Chromatography (separate components of an ink into different spots) Filtration (separate a solid from a liquid) Filtration (separate a solid from a liquid) Decanting (pour off a liquid, leaving the solid behind) Decanting (pour off a liquid, leaving the solid behind) Evaporation (the liquid turns into a gas, leaving a solid behind) Evaporation (the liquid turns into a gas, leaving a solid behind)     

18. Objective d…Mixtures http://www.yesmag.ca/projects/paper_chromaBW.html http://www.micromountain.com/sci_diagrams/sci_app/sci_app_pages/ctography_anim.htm Chromatography is a method for analyzing complex mixtures (such as ink) by separating them into the chemicals from which they are made. Chromatography is used to separate and identify all sorts of substances in police work. Drugs from narcotics to aspirin can be identified in urine and blood samples, often with the aid of chromatography. Chromatography is a method for analyzing complex mixtures (such as ink) by separating them into the chemicals from which they are made. Chromatography is used to separate and identify all sorts of substances in police work. Drugs from narcotics to aspirin can be identified in urine and blood samples, often with the aid of chromatography.  Click on the black dot!

19. Objective e…Solutions or NOT solutions? http://supplementalscience.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/glass-of-water.jpg http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution.html Solution = solute + solvent Solution = solute + solvent Solute = what is dissolved Solute = what is dissolved Solvent = what it is dissolved in Solvent = what it is dissolved in Ex…Koolaid. Ex…Koolaid. Solute = koolaid powder and sugar Solute = koolaid powder and sugar Solvent = water Solvent = water Is “tap” water a solution or a solvent?

20. Objective e…Solutions or NOT solutions? http://www.indcjournal.com/archives/mayo.jpg There are some heterogeneous mixtures that APPEAR to be solutions, but they are not. There are some heterogeneous mixtures that APPEAR to be solutions, but they are not. Suspensions and Colloids have solid particles which are small enough to float in the liquid. The only difference is that the particles in a suspension are larger than those in a colloid. The particles in a suspension will eventually settle out due to gravity. A colloid won’t do that. Suspensions and Colloids have solid particles which are small enough to float in the liquid. The only difference is that the particles in a suspension are larger than those in a colloid. The particles in a suspension will eventually settle out due to gravity. A colloid won’t do that. Emulsions are liquid droplets suspended in another liquid. Emulsions are liquid droplets suspended in another liquid. Mayo = Emulsion

21. Objective e…Solutions or NOT solutions? http://articles.mercola.com/ImageServer/public/2007/07--july/7.5milk.jpg http://xamplified.com/colloids/colloidal-solution-true-solution-and-suspension/ Muddy water is a suspension Muddy water is a suspension Milk is a colloid Milk is a colloid You know that oil and water don’t mix. However, if you add a special type of chemical called a “surfactant” (soap is one type of surfactant), you can form an emulsion in which the soap bonds to the oil molecules, and then that complex can be dissolved in water. The soapy bubbles are the emulsion. You know that oil and water don’t mix. However, if you add a special type of chemical called a “surfactant” (soap is one type of surfactant), you can form an emulsion in which the soap bonds to the oil molecules, and then that complex can be dissolved in water. The soapy bubbles are the emulsion. Got Colloid? A suspension eventually settles out.

22. Objective e…Solutions or NOT solutions? http://www.physics.ucc.ie/nicchormaic/tyndalleffect.jpg How can you tell if it’s a solution or not? How can you tell if it’s a solution or not? If you shine a light through a solution, it will pass through without being dispersed. If you shine a light through a solution, it will pass through without being dispersed. The solid particles in a suspension or colloid will cause the light to be scattered. This is called “the Tyndall effect.” The solid particles in a suspension or colloid will cause the light to be scattered. This is called “the Tyndall effect.” In the picture the first test tube has particles in it which scatter the light. The second tube contains pure water. In the picture the first test tube has particles in it which scatter the light. The second tube contains pure water. You see the Tyndall effect when you drive on a rainy night. The water droplets in the air scatter the light making visibility poor. You see the Tyndall effect when you drive on a rainy night. The water droplets in the air scatter the light making visibility poor.       

23. Objective f…Elements and Compounds? YOU should know the first 36 elements (symbols and names) by the time of the next test. Memorize them. Quiz each other. YOU should know the first 36 elements (symbols and names) by the time of the next test. Memorize them. Quiz each other. You should also begin to realize that H or Na are over on the left side of the table and He or Cl are over on the right side of the table. You should also begin to realize that H or Na are over on the left side of the table and He or Cl are over on the right side of the table. Knowing where elements are will make it easier when you look for them on the Periodic Table. Knowing where elements are will make it easier when you look for them on the Periodic Table. Worksheet on Elements (You can find it on the website!) NIKE! You can use the Periodic Table on every test. So the more you know about it, the more valuable it will be to you! NIKE, from the original Greek, means “just do it!”

24. Elementary, My Dear Watson

25. Elements http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Element-Photo-Gallery.--98 Simplest substances Simplest substances On Periodic Table On Periodic Table 90 exist in nature 90 exist in nature Tc and Pm don’t exist naturally. Tc and Pm don’t exist naturally. Can combine to form compounds in a chemical reaction. Can combine to form compounds in a chemical reaction. Allotrope = a different structural form of the same element. Allotrope = a different structural form of the same element. Diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon. Diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon. Oxygen (O 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) are both allotropes of oxygen. Oxygen (O 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) are both allotropes of oxygen. Al Diamond and graphite are both allotropes of carbon. Not all “neon signs” are filled with Ne!

26. Compounds http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter02/compounds_molecules.jpg Composed of 2 or more elements. Composed of 2 or more elements. Not a mixture of elements; chemically bonded to each other. Not a mixture of elements; chemically bonded to each other. Can ONLY be separated by chemical means (using a chemical reaction). Can ONLY be separated by chemical means (using a chemical reaction). The top row are “diatomic” elements The top row are “diatomic” elements HONClBrIF HONClBrIF

27. Chemistry as a Foreign Language Think of learning chemistry as like learning a foreign language. Think of learning chemistry as like learning a foreign language. We have “words” like Fe to represent elements or CuSO 4 to represent compounds. We have “words” like Fe to represent elements or CuSO 4 to represent compounds. We have sentences describing chemical reactions We have sentences describing chemical reactions Fe + CuSO 4  Cu + FeSO 4 Fe + CuSO 4  Cu + FeSO 4 Or iron + copper (II) sulfate produces copper + iron (II) sulfate Or iron + copper (II) sulfate produces copper + iron (II) sulfate 化学 ХИМИЯ Χημείας Literally means “change study” in Japanese

28. Objective g…Chemical and Physical Changes http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/122dryice.GIF Physical changes do not change the type of substance it is. Physical changes do not change the type of substance it is. Freezing water Freezing water Physical changes are not permanent and reversible. Physical changes are not permanent and reversible. Chemical changes change the type of substance. Chemical changes change the type of substance. Burning paper Burning paper Chemical changes are permanent and are not reversible. Well, some are, but that’s a special case, so don’t worry about those until we get to Chap 19. Chemical changes are permanent and are not reversible. Well, some are, but that’s a special case, so don’t worry about those until we get to Chap 19. Notice the CO 2 is “subliming” or going directly from (s)  (g)

29. Objective g…Chemical and Physical Changes http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/nanoscience/sci_media/images/chemical_reactions_ involve_making_new_combinations/53823-2-eng- NZ/chemical_reactions_involve_making_new_combinations_full_size_landscape.jpg We represent chemical changes by using a chemical reaction (which we can abbreviate with rxn). We represent chemical changes by using a chemical reaction (which we can abbreviate with rxn). Reactants  Products You can have one or more reactants and one or more products. Reactants are “starting materials.” Products are things you make during the reaction. Readable in slide show mode. We will learn that these are representations of types of rxns. Synthesis (1) Decomposition (2) Single-Replacement (3) Double Replacement (4) 12341234

30. Objective g…Chemical and Physical Changes Clues if a reaction has occurred…SOMETHING had to cause the change! Clues if a reaction has occurred…SOMETHING had to cause the change!  in temperature. Heat is either absorbed or given off.  in temperature. Heat is either absorbed or given off.  in color.  in color. Production of an odor or a gas or a solid. Production of an odor or a gas or a solid. Capital Greek letter DELTA. When you see it, it generally means change.

31. Objective h…It’s not just a good idea…it’s the LAW! http://i2.photobucket.com/albums/y23/nbest221/scales.jpg Law of Conservation of Mass Law of Conservation of Mass During any chemical reaction or physical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed. During any chemical reaction or physical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed. You can rearrange and form new substances. You can rearrange and form new substances. But total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of products. But total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of products. ReactantsProducts

32. Objective h…It’s not just a good idea…it’s the LAW! For example, you react 24.0 g of carbon with 64.0 g of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). All of the carbon and oxygen react completely. How many grams of CO 2 does the law of conservation of mass predict you should have?

33. Answer All of the carbon (24.0 g) and oxygen (64.0 g) react to form carbon dioxide. That’s 88.0 total grams of reactants. All of the carbon (24.0 g) and oxygen (64.0 g) react to form carbon dioxide. That’s 88.0 total grams of reactants. We need 88.0 g of products to balance this out. The product is CO 2. We need 88.0 g of products to balance this out. The product is CO 2. We don’t need to know the reaction but it is We don’t need to know the reaction but it is C + O 2  CO 2 24.0 g + 64.0 g = 88.0 g of CO 2

34. The End What’s next? Chapter 3, of course. If you are in Chemistry, prepare to take Chapter 1&2 test… If you are in Advanced Chemistry, you should be working to prepare for the Unit 1 test (which covers Chapters 1 through 3, with a little smidge of problem-solving from Chapter 4)…