1. A2 Chemistry Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Objectives Electrophilic addition Nucleophilic addition Reactions of Alcohols Reactions of halogenoalkanes Reactions of Alkenes Optical isomers Isomers

2. A2: Chains and Rings Revisited Chapter 1 Objectives 1.Describe and explain structural isomerism in compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula. 2.Describe and explain cis-trans isomerism in alkenes, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond. 3.Determine the possible structural and/or cis-trans isomers of an organic molecule of given molecular formula. 4.Describe and explain optical isomerism arising from molecules with a chiral centre. 5.Recall from Chemistry 1, the chemical reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and halogenoalkanes. 6.Show knowledge and understanding of the following reaction mechanisms: free radical, substitution, electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition –Nomenclature should follow IUPAC rules for naming of organic compounds. For example, 3 methylpentane for CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3.

3. Draw and name all possible isomers for the molecular formula: C 4 H 8 O 2 1-hydroxy butan-2-one Butanoic acid 4-hydroxy butan-2-one 3-hydroxy butanal 4-hydroxy butanal 2-hydroxy butanal 2-hydroxy butan-2-one 2-methyl propanoic acid 2-methyly,2-hydroxy propanal

4. Electrophilic addition HBr to any C=C double bond

5. Nucleophilic substitution Nucleophile to any C-Br bond

6. CH 3 CH 2 OH ethanol Name? combustion Products? Na metal Ethanoic acid H + catalyst reflux Distil with: Sulphuric acid dichromate CO 2 + H 2 O CH 3 CH 2 O - Na + + H 2 Sodium Ethoxide CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 + H 2 O Ethyl ethanoate Ethanal CH 3 CHO Reflux with: Excess Sulphuric acid dichromate CH 3 COOH Ethanoic acid Dehydration with hot Al 2 O 3 CH 2 =CH 2 + H 2 O Ethene HBr in situ with conc H 2 SO 4 + NaBr CH 3 CH 2 Br Bromoethane Reactions of Alcohols

7. CH 3 CH 2 Br bromoethane Name?Products? Hot ethanolic NaOH CH 2 =CH 2 Ethene Excess alcoholic ammonia under pressure CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 Ethylamine Hydrolysis: OH - (aq) or H 2 O CH 3 CH 2 OH ethanol Reactions of Halogenoalkanes

8. CH 2 =CH 2 ethene Name? Products? + Br 2 + HBr H 2 O (g) + phosphoric acid catalyst CH 2 BrCH 2 Br 1,2-dibromoethane CH 3 CH 2 Br bromoethaneEthanol CH 3 CH 2 OH Addition polymerisation -(-CH 2 -CH 2 -)- n Polythene H 2(g) + Ni catalyst CH 3 Ethane Reactions of Alkenes (ethene)

9. Optical Isomers Carvone One form produces the flavours of spearmint and the other the flavours of caraway. Use the molymod kits to build a representation of carvone. Chiral centre