1. Border Security and Smart Sensors Dr. Michael Eastman Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at El Paso

2. UTEP and Border Security The University of Texas at El Paso is the home of the National Center for Border Security and Immigration. The center, a U.S Department of Homeland Security- supported research and degree program focused on producing border, homeland security and immigration experts, will be a partnership with the University of Arizona. Funding $1M/year. Border Security Conference: 2007,2006,2005

3. UTEP-Research for Today Education for Tomorrow

4. UTEP Indio Mountains Research Station

5. Smart Sensors We will use the term “Smart Sensor” to refer to systems that employs a sensor device mated to microelectronics. In lab work a computer will take the place of the microelectronics. Lab systems are not engineered to minimize size and power consumption but clearly those would be goals in any widely deployed practical device. We also want our “Smart Sensors” to be rugged and inexpensive.

6. Smart Sensors and Border Security Areas of Interest Bioterrorism-disease organisms, biodisrupters Clandestine monitoring-vibration, pressure, chemicals, temperature Health and health monitoring-humans as well as plants and animals – Effectiveness of first responders (hydration/heat stress) – “Slow” Bioterrorism – “Test to treat”(fast)-who should receive scarce vaccines/antidotes-triage

7. With piezoelectric materials there is a separation of charge which generates a net dipole- stressing the material generates a voltage. Examples: Inorganic: barium titanate (BiTiO 3 ) and lithium niobate (LiNbO3); Biological materials: bone, tendons, sugar, dentin. Polymers: PVDF. Piezoresistive materials respond to mechanical stress with a change in electrical resistance. Examples: Silicon, Germanium. Piezoelectric and Piezoresistive Materials http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity

8. Chemisensors and Biosensors Utilizing Piezoresistive Microcantilevers Robust, small and inexpensive allows sensing of both biological agents and chemical agents from a single platform. 1 ohm response for 400 angstrom change in the thickness of the sensing layer. Patents awarded, currently being developed as hydration sensor & “test to treat” sensor by Cantimer Corporation, Menlo Park, CA

10. Viral Detection Glass slide with antibody layer attached After exposure to dilute vaccinia virus solution Dr. Tim Porter Physics, N.A.U

11. Viral Detection in Solution (virus sizes 100 to 3000 angstroms) Dr. Tim Porter Physics, N.A.U

12. Sensor Array Many different bioactive sensor substrates, may be specific or may respond in a characteristic pattern Scanning Ohmmeter Dr. Tim Porter Physics, N.A.U

13. Cantimer Corporation Menlo Park California Vision: Cantimer is developing piezoresistive sensors for a wide range of applications including determination of hydration state and medical diagnostics

14. Potential Sensor Applications Medical: Saliva, Blood Serum, and Urine Osmolality pH Ratio of key electrolytes such as sodium and potassium Pregnancy indicator (HCG) Drug testing (amphetamine, cocaine, marijuana, etc.) Glucose Chemical: Toxic gas sensors (Homeland Security, Industrial) Chemicals in water (TCE, MTBE, CCl 4 etc.) Air quality, point sensors, process streams Biological: DNA sequence detection Viruses, proteins, antibodies Protein binding and drug discovery

15. Principal Developers of the Piezoresistive Microcantilever Systems Dr. Ray Stewart & Co-workers, Bay Materials/Cantimer Corporation, Menlo Park, CA. Dr. Tim Porter & Co-workers, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ Dr. Michael Eastman, Professor of Chemistry, UTEP, El Paso, TX

16. Cantimer ’ s Technology Platform Saliva is a proven hydration biomarker Patented MEMs “Universal Sensor” Proprietary analyte responsive polymers Integrated electronics and microfluidics

17. First Responders and Military are concerned about dehydration Lack of adequate hydration impairs the body's ability to maintain a stable core temperature, and decreases strength, endurance, and blood volume. Core body temperature rises 0.15- 0.20°C for each 1% loss in body mass. Furthermore, for each 1% loss in body mass, heart rate increases by 3-5 beats/min. Progressive acute dehydration can lead to a significant increase in cardiovascular strain.

18. Medical Effects of Dehydration Chronic DehydrationImpactPopulation at Risk Pressure ulcersTime to heal> 1,000,000 in SNF alone Urinary InfectionsIncreased incidence8,300,000 Anually Renal failureIncreased incidence> 80,000 Annually in elderly DiabetesInsulin response18,000,000 diabetics in U.S. FallsIncreased risk40% of elder injuries PneumoniaIncreased incidence4,800,000 in U.S. per year ~ $10 billionN/A2,590,000Secondary Diagnosis ~ $2 billion2,094,000568,000Primary Diagnosis Cost Days of CareHospitalizationsAcute Dehydration

19. --- Digital Osmometer Features ---  Phase II deliverable  Point in time measurement  More portable, less power, less cost  Close to vision of end product  simple electronic package  signal analysis algorithm  Future physiological studies Phase II Product Development

20. Incline Walking Challenge - 2% Water Loss

21. 50 Mile Bike Ride – Santa Cruz Mtns.

22. --- Three Products --- Phase II Product Development RF All have dual roles: ● Immediate utility & ● Initial member of product family PDA Digital Osmometer

23. Work on PVDF Piezoelectric Sensors Done in conjunction with a Materials Science educational project sponsored by the Army Mr. Guillermo Carbajal, Dr. C. V. Ramana, UTEP, Department of Metallurgy/Materials Dr. R. C. Hughes, Sandia National Labs

24. PVDF- Basics Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF),is also known under various trade names including _KYNAR (Trade Mark: Elf Atochem North American) SOEF (Trade Mark: Solvay S. A.) PVDF is prepared by the polymerization of 1,1-vinylidene difluoride The structure of the monomer is: The structure of the polymer is:

25. Representations of the molecular structure of the vinylidene difluoride (VD) monomer and of the  and  forms of the PVDF polymer. PVDF-  form PVDF-  form VD-wire VD-space filling

26. PVDF Sensors PVDF is piezoelectric and the voltage induced by bending PVDF films can be measured. The surface of the PVDF is coated with metal to allow electrical measurements. PVDF is pyroelectric and readily absorbs thermal radiation with a wavelength at ~10 4 nm. The voltage induced by exposing metalized PVDF films to thermal radiation can be measured. By virtue of its piezoelectric properties PVDF possibly could be fabricated into a surface acoustic wave based sensing system.

27. Commercially available metal coated piezoelectric PVDF sensor elements

28. PVDF sensors mounted on a solid substrate and interfaced to circuit similar to “Circuit A”

29. PVDF sensor elements, Circuit (A) and USB data port

30. Output PVDF sensors on flexed ruler damped motion-Note polarity (green/yellow) and combined signal.

31. Pyroelectric Matrix Array PVDF is pyroelectric (pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric) and readily absorbs radiation with a wavelength at ~10 4 nm. Four sensors in matrix array. Array capable of quantifying the heat intensity and the location of the heat source.

32. Four Panel Thermal Detection

33. Voltage output 4 panel Pyroelectric Sensor when exposed to an asymmetrically located heat source

34. Suite of Sensors for Comprehensive Reconnaissance Thermal Chemical Biochemical Vibration/Motion

35. Collection and Transmission of Data Microprocessor and radio transmitter Biosensor Chemical Sensor Motion Sensor Thermal Sensor

36. Acknowledgements This material is based upon work supported in part by the U. S. Army Research Laboratory and the U.S. Army research Office under Contract W911NF0410052. Dr. Ray Stewart- Cantimer Corporation Dr. Tim Porter- Northern Arizona University Mr. Guillermo Carbajal and Dr. C. V. Ramana

37. Thank You