1. Solid Waste

2. Types of Solid Waste Organic - Kitchen wastes, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruit, wood Radioactive – spent fuel rods and smoke detectors Recyclable – paper, glass, metals, some plastics Soiled – hospital waste Toxic – paints, chemicals, pesticides, etc.

3. Solid waste decomposition times Type of itemYears to decompose Organic2 weeks Wood (organic)10 – 15 years Radioactive100,000+ years Paper10 – 30 days Metals100 – 500 years PlasticsUp to 1 million years Glassnever Cotton and cloth2 to 5 months Toxic wasteHundreds of years

4. Percentages of solid waste

5. Solid waste flow diagram Raw materials Final Disposal Consumer Secondary manufacturing Process and Recovery Manufacturing Manufacturing waste Extraction waste

6. Burning, Incineration, or Energy Recovery Pros Heat can be used to supplement energy requirements Reduces impact on landfills Mass burning is inexpensive What is left is 10% - 12% or its original volume Cons Air pollution including lead, mercury, NOx, cadmium, SO 2,HCl, and dioxins Sorting out batteries, plastics, etc. is expensive No way of knowing toxic consequences Ash is more concentrated with toxic materials Initial costs of incinerators are high Adds to acid precipitation and global warming

7. Burning, Incineration, or Energy Recovery By country: U.S. incinerates 15% of its waste France, Japan, Sweden, and Switzerland incinerated >40% of their waste and use it to generate electricity

8. Composting Pros Creates nutrient rich soil additives Aids in water retention Slows down soil erosion No major toxic issues Cons Public reaction to odor, vermin, insects Not in my backyard (NIMBY) symptoms

9. Remanufacturing Pros Recovers materials that would have been discarded Beneficial to inner cities as industry because material is available and jobs are needed Cons Toxic material may be present  CFC’s  Heavy metals  Toxic chemicals

10. Detoxifying Pros Reduces impact on the environment Cons Expensive

11. Exporting Pros Gets rid of problem immediately Source of income for poor communities Cons Garbage imperials or environmental racism Long-term effects not known Expensive to transport

12. Land Disposal – Sanitary Landfills Pros Waste is covered each day with dirt to help prevent insect and rodents Plastic liners, drainage systems, and other methods help control leaching materials Geological studies and environmental impact studies are performed prior to building Collection of methane and use of fuel cells to supplement energy demand Use of anaerobic methane generators reduces dependence on other energy sources Cons Rising land prices Transportation costs to the landfill High cost of running and monitoring landfill Legal liability Suitable areas are limited NIMBY Degradable plastics do not decompose completely

13. Land Disposal – Open Dumping Pros Inexpensive Provides source of income for the poor by providing recyclable products to sell Cons Trash blows away in the wind Vermin and disease Leaching of toxic materials into the soil Aesthetics

14. Ocean Dumping Pros inexpensive Cons Debris floats to unintended areas Marine organisms and food webs are impacted Illegal in the US

15. Recycling Pros Turns waste into an inexpensive resources Reduces impact on landfills reduces need for raw materials and the costs associated with it Reduces energy requirements for the product Reduces dependence on foreign oil Reduces air and water pollution Bottle bills provide economic incentive to recycle Cons Poor regulation Fluctuations in market price Throwaway packaging is more popular Current policies and regulations favor extraction of raw materials

16. Reuse Pros Most efficient method of reclaiming materials Industry models are already in place (e.g.. auto salvage yard) Refillable glass bottles can be used approximately 15 times Cloth diapers do not impact landfills Cons Cost of collecting materials on a large scale is expensive Cost of washing and decontaminating containers is expensive Only when items are expensive and labor is cheap is reuse economical

17. Relevant Laws Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 1976:  Encouraged states to develop comprehensive plan to manage waste  Set criteria for municipal landfills and disposal facilities  Prohibited open dumping Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA) 1976:  Gave EPA authority to track industrial chemicals produced in or imported into US  Allows EPA to ban the manufacture or importation of chemicals that pose risks

18. Relevant Laws Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA - Superfund) 1980:  Provided authority to the federal government to respond to release and possible release of hazardous substances  Established rules for closes and abandoned hazardous wastes sites  Established liability for corporations responsible for hazardous waste sites  Created a trust fund for cleanup if responsible parties for contaminated sites could not be found Nuclear Waste Policy Act 1982:  Establish federal authority to provide locations for permanent disposal of high –level radioactive wastes  Required the operators of nuclear power plants to pay the costs for permanent disposal