1. aims to establish a catalogue of all organisms (10-30 million species) Ultimately a small portable hand held device will be used to identify samples using information held on a central database. The project has begun by barcoding fish, plants, birds, and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). Bar Coding

2. Identifying previously undescribed or cryptic species. Food chain analysis of gut contents or animal droppings. Border protection and control: Identification of agricultural pests and invasive species. Identification of protected species. Enforcement of food manufacturing and labeling laws: Analysis of food product for prohibited ingredients. Verification of product authenticity. Analysis of animal feed for prohibited components (e.g animal tissue which may cause BSE). Hazard analysis (e.g. which bird species is the major contributor to bird strike at airports?). Bar Code Applications

3. mitochondrial gene found in all plants and animals. base sequence is genetically stable because it is inherited from the mother only. It contains no inserted or deleted DNA. This allows for easy genetic comparison. Mitochondrial DNA

4. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Slight different between species. Allows for unique identification of species. Intra-species variations generally small (<2%). CO1 easily recovered from samples. Fast and inexpensive analysis. The CO1 gene

5.  Plants, bacterium and some animals.  Groups with high intraspecies variability for the CO1 gene (e.g. amphibians).  Groups with <2% sequence diversity for CO1 between species (variability too low for accurate differentiation  plants  Recently diverged species  Hybrid species where the offspring is a result of the mating between a male and female from different species.  Organisms containing nuclear pseudogenes (inactive copies of genes with multiple mutations and/or deletions). CO1 gene cannot be used for:

6. Laboratory analysis: DNA extraction Amplification (PCR) Clean up Sequencing Specimen collection Bar Coding Database inclusion: Barcode of life database (BOLD) International nucleotide sequence database collaborative Data analysis: Specimens identified by finding the closest matching reference record in the database.

7. AdvantagesCO1 Cannot be used for Fast intraspecies variation is too high / interspecies diversity too low Cheap ($2/sample)recently diverged species Small sampleshybrid species All life stages (e.g. egg, larvae and adult) species with nuclear pseudogenes