1. Chordophones Physics of Music PHY103
Demo on modes with different weights (tensions)
Microphone + preamp and some stringed instruments
comparison of strings at different tensions and problems playing them. Use guitar and electric guitar.
Loudness softness, decay, pitch, harmonics
String without sound board
Student made banjos. Washtub bass.
Show resonant chamber animusic?

2. Tradeoffs in chordophones Strings only
High tension means a lot of stress on the instrument.
More massive strings have lower pitches under lower tension
However thick strings don’t bend very easily
Loss of high frequencies leading to dull or soft timbre.
Shift of overtones sharpwards

3. Piano spectrum
347*2=694
347*3=1041
347*4=1399
347Hz
1094Hz
697Hz
1396Hz
Higher harmonics are higher than multiples of fundamental
Why? Wave equation requires more energy for shorter waves – non-linear wave equation on string

4. Are these frequency shifts important?
Butler(example 2.4).
a) Piano playing C4
b) Piano playing C4 but the partials have been lowered by digital processing so that their frequencies are exact integer multiples of the fundamental.
Pair of tones repeated 3 times.
Butlerdemos\Track02.4.mp3

5. Loose strings
Violin D string tuned to an A?
bowed and plucked

6. Bass strings
If you lower the tension too much the tension changes during plucking or hammering. The pitch changes after the pluck. The strings flop around leading to buzzing and fast damping.
 Low notes then requires thick and heavy strings (metal ones) to prevent these problems.
Wound strings help reduce problem of loss of high frequencies. Problems with wound strings: damage to fret-board and fingers particularly for fretless basses.
To keep corrosion from reducing high frequency response  plastic covering. However stretching of plastic may damp string motion faster.
If the tension is too low then the string will hit the finger board. This is less of a problem for a harp but is a big problem for a guitar or lute.

7. Soprano strings
Require light strings and high tension (for a given tension).
Metallic strings are tiny and kill your fingers. Many steel string lutes/guitars are not plucked by hand.
Gut or nylon strings are softer but damp faster and are less bright.

8. Tradeoffs in the strings
Length/tension/density – ease of play, position of plucking, having strings of different notes on the same keyboard or fret-board, strength of instrument.
String composition
– metallic – less damping but heavier, harsher and more damaging to fingers and fret-boards
– Gut or nylon – softer/duller but lighter and damping faster

9. Amplification:
A string by itself is not a very good radiator – it has a small surface area.
To increase volume the vibration must be coupled to something with a larger surface area.
Box: guitar/zither - vibration passes through bridge– faces of the box vibrate.
The surfaces of the box vibrate in modes as does the air inside.

10. Amplification (continued)
Box with holes – air moves in and out
(violin, guitar)
Box with a membrane (African lutes) vibrations excited in the membrane too.
The string excites harmonics, some are amplified more than others depending on the coupling of the string to box and the way the box resonates.

11. Violin spectrum note the envelope! spectrum is remarkably harmonic
Strings/VI_p-porta_zigane.mp3
note the envelope!
spectrum is remarkably harmonic

12. Cello spectrum
Again note envelope

13. Open strings vs fingered on violin
open string has stronger high frequency harmonics

14. Guitar spectrum and decay
At different times

15. Piano Action
While the 88 key board had been fully developed in the 15th century the “piano-forte” action was introduced by Christofori in the early 18th century.
Originally hammers were covered with soft leather

16. Modern Piano Action
Modern piano action is modeled after Crhistofori’s.
Pianists criticize electric keyboards and pianos because they fail to have the sensitivity and response of the piano action

17. Stretched octaves and string non-linearity – Railsback curve

18. String decay rates The more strings, the louder the sound.
Coupling between strings can influence how sound is transferred to soundboard
Slower decays with 2+ strings

19. Composers write for available instruments
Moonlight Sonata Beethoven
Evgeny Kissin playing a modern Steinway
Gayle Martin Henry playing a piano from around 1805 by the Viennese maker Caspar Katholni
This clip from:
the comparison from the posted article by Jan Swafford!
Modern pianos have bigger keyboards, longer sustain and more uniform timbre across registers
Composers used the longer sustain and differences in timber as effects
Strings/moonlight.mp3
Strings/MarinMoonlightcomplete.mp3

20. Examples of Chordophones Box Zither- Santoor India
Box zither – trapezoid box with many parallel strings, strings are struck
Santoor (Indian)
Music taken from CD Musical instruments of the World 1990 CNRS

21. Vietnamese Board Zither
16 steel strings above an oblong convex sound box.
Strings are plucked and pressed to change the pitch

22. Class projects 2005 , before
little koto
washtub bass

23. African Lute Chad
Skin below the strings on the gourd.
Gourd resonator

24. Tar: Lute from Azerbaijan
Belly is covered with ox pericardium membrane
24 movable frets of gut?

25. Harp –ngombi Central Africa
plucked soft gut strings

26. Kora-Guinea ox tendon strings slid up and down for tuning
notched bridge

27. Mbela- Musical Bow Central Africa
What is the resonant cavity?

28. Role of sustain in varying how plucked instruments are played
Metallic strings with long sustain must be damped, harder to play (use pluckers)
Gut strings with short sustain are strummed rapidly with fingers

29. Sounding the string Plucking finger/plucker
Sound is influenced by position of plucker
Hammering
Sound is influenced by weight of hammer, material of hammer and leverage of hammer.
Bowed –stick/slip continuous excitation. Ability to control sound quality during the entire tone
For plucked and hammered tones, there is no control after the note sounds

30. Hammered/Plucked/Bowed
Which one is which and how might you expect the sound would be different?

31. Amplification via Pickups
Magnetic pickups
Contact pickups
Air pickups (aka microphones)
Optical pickups

32. Magnetic pickups
coil typically thousands of winds with thin magnet wire and with a central iron core. Resonant frequency of pickup tuned with capacitance of wires and other stuff to be near ear sensitivity peak (few 2kHz).
Pickups combined in series and with opposite phases so hum is cancelled  humbucker
they work near vibrating metal (strings, gongs …)
Disadvantages: noise pickup, need vibrating metal
Advantages: interesting sound quality, no need for sound board, good sustain

33. Contact Pickups Typically using piezo-electric material
Often mounted on or near bridge of a stringed instrument. Ineffective in wind instruments unless allowed to move in the air
Advantages: flat frequency response, very cheap, resistant to noise pickup, no need for sound board
Disadvantages: possibly less dynamic range, pickups up surface noise, clicks, knocks, scrapes, plucking

34. Air pickups
Microphones
Most natural sound
Sensitive to feedback