1. ..perhaps the hardest place to use Bernoulli’s equation (so don’t)
Boundary layer
..perhaps the hardest place to use Bernoulli’s equation
(so don’t)

2. Drag on a surface – 2 types
Pressure stress / form drag
Shear stress / skin friction drag
A boundary layer forms due to skin friction

3. Boundary layer – velocity profile
Far from the surface, the fluid velocity is unaffected.
In a thin region near the surface, the velocity is reduced
Which is the “most correct” velocity profile?
…this is a good approximation near the “front” of the plate

4. Boundary layer growth
The free stream velocity is u0, but next to the plate, the flow is reduced by drag
Farther along the plate, the affect of the drag is felt by more of the stream, and because of this
The boundary layer grows

5. Boundary layer transition
At a certain point, viscous forces become to small relative to inertial forces to damp fluctuations
The flow transitions to turbulence
Important parameters:
Viscosity μ, density ρ
Distance, x
Velocity UO
Reynolds number combines these into one number

6. First focus on “laminar” boundary layer
A practical “outer edge” of the boundary layer is where u = uo x 99%
Across the boundary layer there is a velocity gradient du/dy that we will use to determine τ

7. Let’s look at the growth of the boundary layer quantitatively.

8. The velocity profiles grow along the surface
What determines the growth rate and flow profile?

9. Blasius
δ(x)
Resistance of fluid to change in velocity due to viscous forces depends on…?
Velocity, UO
Viscosity, μ
Density, ρ
Position, x
The Reynolds number
Blasius (1908) derived:

10. B L thickness & fluid properties

11. Blasius, cont’d: Surface shear stress a
δ(x)
Shear stress

12. Boundary layer transition
At a certain point, viscous forces become to small relative to inertial forces to damp fluctuations
The flow transitions to turbulence
Important parameters:
Viscosity μ, density ρ
Distance, x
Velocity UO
Reynolds number combines these into one number

13. How does BL transition?

14. Next focus on “turbulent” boundary layer
A practical “outer edge” of the boundary layer is (still) where u = uo x 99%
Across the boundary layer there is a velocity gradient as well as variations in the velocity that determine τ

15. Turbulence: average & fluctuating velocity
The velocity profile concerns the mean velocity. The fluctuating part contributes to the internal stress for high Re flow.

16. Three zones in the turbulent BL

17. Viscous sub-layer
The velocity in the viscous sub-layer is linear

18. Log law of the wall

19. Majority of the boundary layer
105 < Re < 107

20. Shear stress, thickness of turbulent boundary layer (somewhat empirical)

21. Laminar, Turbulence, Induced Turbulence
Turbulent
Induced δ cf FS Cf

23. Example 9.8 from text
Assume that a boundary layer over a smooth, flat plate is laminar at first and then becomes turbulent at a critical Reynolds number of 5 x If we have a plate 3 m long x 1 m wide, and if air at 20°C and atmospheric pressure flows past this plate with a velocity of 30 m/s what will be the average resistance coefficient Cf for the plate? Also, what will be the total shearing resistance of one side of the plate and what will be the resistance due to the turbulent part and the laminar part of the boundary layer?
What is the answer to the same questions if the boundary layer is “tripped” by some sufficiently large roughness element that the boundary layer is turbulent from the beginning?

24. Example