1. Kingdom Plantae Characteristics: Eukaryotic (has a nucleus)
Autotrophic – Photosynthetic
Contains Chlorophyll & Large Vacuole
Cellulose in cell wall
Most multi-cellular
Sexual/Asexual reproduction

2. Evolution Plants most likely evolved from green algae
Over time plants developed vascular tissue and seeds

3. 3 Main Plant Groups Seedless non-vascular Seedless vascular
Seed vascular
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

4. Seedless Non-vascular
Known as Bryophytes
Ex. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Found in damp areas
Small and low growing
Alternation of generations- reproduction

5. Bryophyte Reproduction
Gametophyte produces eggs and sperm
Sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote
Zygote becomes a sporophyte
Sporophyte produces spores
Spores become gametophytes

6. Seedless Vascular Ex. Club mosses, horsetails, ferns
Live in shady, damp environments
Grow larger than non-vascular plants due to vascular tissue
Alternation of generations

7. Seedless Vascular Reproduction (FERNS)
Gametophyte produces eggs and sperm
Sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote
Zygote develops into a sporophyte
Sporophyte (sporangium) releases spores
Spores develop into gametophytes

8. Seed Vascular Plants Adapted to drier environments
Produce seeds and have vascular tissue
2 Main groups:
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

9. Tissue Types of Seed plants
THREE tissue types:
Dermal tissue
Protective, outer covering of plant
Vascular tissue
Xylem: conducts water through plant
Phloem: conducts sugars and foods
Ground tissue
Between dermal and vascular tissues
Used for support

10. “Organs” of Seed Plants
Specialized tissues form these different structures:
Roots
Stems
Leaves

11. Roots Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil Anchors plant
Two types:
Tap root- one main root with many root hairs
Fibrous root- many small, branching roots

12. Stems Allows for transport of substances between roots and leaves
Produces leaves, branches, flowers
Supports plant (leaves held up)

13. Leaves Absorbs light and carries out photosynthesis Produces food
Exchanges gases with environment (stomata)

14. Gymnosperms “Naked Seed”- seeds are not protected in an ovary
Known as the “Cone-bearers”
Ex. Gnetophytes, cycads, gingkoes, conifers (pine, spruce, etc.)

15. Gymnosperms
Gnetophytes Gingkoes
Cycads Conifers

16. Angiosperms “Vessel Seeds”- seed is protected in an ovary (fruit)
Known as “Flowering plants”
Two Groups
Monocots
Dicots

17. Monocots vs. Dicots SEEDS One cotyledon (seed leaf) Two cotyledons
LEAVES
Parallel veins
Branched veins
FLOWERS
Parts in multiples of three
Parts in multiples of four or five
STEMS
Vascular bundles are scattered
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring
ROOTS
Fibrous roots
Taproot

18. Flower Parts

19. Angiosperms- Reproduction
Mature sporophyte produces flowers
Flowers contain anther (male) that releases pollen (sperm)
Flowers contain ovary where eggs are found
Pollen lands on stigma (female) travels down style to fertilize egg
Seed forms and ovary ripens (becomes a fruit)
Seed develops into sporophyte

20. Plant Uses Food Medicine Furniture Building materials Paper Clothing
Etc.