1. Plant Diversity
Chapter 22

2. I. Introduction to Plants
A. What is a Plant
Kingdom Plantae
1. Multicellular eukaryotes
2. have cell walls made of cellulose
3. develop from multicellular embryos
4. carry out photosynthesis using pigments
5. Most are autotrophs

3. B. Plant Life Cycle
1. alternation of generations – alternating phases between diploid and haploid phases
2. Sporophyte – spore producing plant
a. formed by meiosis, and can grow into new individuals

4. 3. gametophyte – gamete producing plant
a. formed by mitosis, and fuses during fertilization with another gamete

5. C. What Plants need to survive
1. Sunlight – for photosynthesis
2. Water
a. used for photosynthesis
b. used quickly
3. Minerals
a. absorbed with water
b. used for plant growth

6. 4. Gas Exchange
a. Use CO2 for photosynthesis
b. Use O2 for cellular respiration
5. Movement of water and nutrients – to all parts of the plant

7. D. Early Plants
1. Origins in the water
a. the first plants probably evolved from protists

8. 2. The First Plants
a. similar to current day moss
b. simple structure
c. grew close to the damp ground
d. dependent on water for life cycles

9. E. Overview of the Plant Kingdom
1. Plant kingdom is divided into 5 major groups based on four features
a. Embryo formation
b. water-conducting tissues
c. seeds
d. flowers

10. 2. Types of Plants
a. Green Algae
b. Mosses and their relatives
c. Ferns and their relatives
d. Cone-bearing plants
e. Flowering plants

11. II. Green Algae Any photosynthetic eukaryote that doesn’t live on land
Most aquatic (fresh, salt, moist soil)
Single celled or branching filaments
Absorb water and nutrients through cell membranes

12. III. Bryophytes A. Bryophytes 1. nonvascular plants a. vascular tissue
1) tissue that conducts water and nutrients

13. 2. Depend on water for reproduction
3. live close to ground and draw water by osmosis only a few cm above ground

14. B. Groups of Bryophytes 1. Mosses – phylum Bryophyta
a.  live in areas with lots of water
b. adapted to live in nutrient-poor soils

15. c.  tolerate low temps – polar regions have a lot of mosses
d.  rhizoids – long thin cells that anchor mosses to the ground
1) also absorb water and nutrients

16. 2.   Liverworts – Phylum Hepaticophyta
a. thin flat leaves attached to the ground

17. b. Gemmae – small multicellular. reproductive structure – divide
b.  Gemmae – small multicellular reproductive structure – divide by mitosis to make a new individual (asexually)
c. Live in soil that is damp year round

18. 3.  Hornworts – Phylum Anthocerophyta
a.  Live in soil that is damp year round
b.  thin flat leaves shaped like a tiny green horn attached to the ground

19. C.  Life Cycle of Bryophytes
1.  Dependence on Water
a. sperm must swim to the egg
b. use water, dew, or rain drops

20. 2. Life Cycle of Moss
a. Gametophyte stage
1) moss spore lands in a moist place
2) germination occurs, mass of filaments grows called a protonema
3) rhizoids form
4) antheridia – structure that forms sperm
5) archegonia - structure that forms eggs

21. b. Sporophyte Stage
1) sperm and egg join to form a diploid zygote
2) grows out of the gametophyte
3) forms along stalk with a capsule
4) capsule matures and opens, releasing spores

22. IV. Seedless Vascular Plants
Vascular Tissue
1. Specialized cells conducting water and nutrients throughout the plant

23. Evolution of Vascular Tissue: A Transport System
1. Xylem
a. transport water up from the roots to the plant
b. Tracheids – specialized cells in vascular plants that conduct water

24. 2.  Phloem
a. transports nutrients and carbohydrates from the leaves to the rest of the plant
3. lignin – substance that makes cell walls rigid

25. C. Have true roots, stems, and leaves
D. Types of Seedless Vascular Plants

26. 1. Club Mosses – Phylum Lycophyta
a. small, live in moist wood lands
b.  miniature pines

27. 2.  Horsetails – Phylum Arthrophyta
a. Leaves contain silica
b. nonphotosynthetic leaves arranged in whorls

28. 3.  Ferns – phylum Pterophyta
a. Rhizomes – underground stems
b. can live in area with little light
c. live in wet or seasonally wet areas

29. D. Life Cycle of Ferns Diploid sporophyte is the dominant stage
2.  sporangia – structure on the underside of the frond that produce haploid spores
3.   sori – groups of sporangia

30. 4.  spores germinate, develop into gametophytes
5.  develops into a flat leaf shape
6.  antheridia, and archegonia are on the underside of the gametophyte
7.  water is needed for the sperm to swim to the egg
8. fertilization produces a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte plant

31. V. Seed Plants Gymnosperms – seeds form in/on cones
Angiosperms – flowering plants
A. Reproduction free from water
1. seed plants reproduce without water
2. use flowers or cones, pollination, and embryos protected in seeds
3. important evolutionary adaptation

32. 4. Cones and Flowers
a. cones - seed bearing structure in gymnosperms
b. Flowers – seed bearing structures of angiosperms

33. 5. pollen
a. pollen grain – contain the sperm
b. pollination – transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure

34. 6. Seeds
a. seed – embryo of a plant that is enclosed by a covering and food supply
b. seed coat – surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out

35. B. Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers
1. Gnetophytes – phylum Gnetophyta
a. reproductive cell is centered into cones

36. 2. Cycads – phylum Cycadophyta a. Palm-like plants, with large cones
b. grow in tropic and subtropic areas

37. 3. Ginkgoes – phylum Ginkgophyta
a. living fossil – has changed little over the years of existence
b. male and female trees

38. 4. Conifers – phylum Coniferophyta
a. pine trees, spruces, cedars, redwoods
b. Most are evergreens

39. Oldest Trees Bristlecone pines are found in California, Nevada, and Utah. Some of these trees in eastern California's White Mountains are more than 4,500 years old. The oldest known living Great Basin bristlecone pine is a tree named Methuselah, and is more than 4,700 years old.
Picture – Biology text - Information -

40. VI. Angiosperms – Flowering Plants
A. Flowers and Fruits
1. flowers are the reproductive organs
a. attract animals to transport pollen
b. contain ovaries
2. Fruit – a wall of tissue surrounding the seed
a. animals eat fruit, and help spread seeds

41. B. Diversity of Angiosperms
1. plants are arranged into groups, often groups can overlap
2. Monocots & Dicots
a. Monocotyledonae (monocots) – one seed leaf
1) parallel veins
2) vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
3) fibrous roots

42. b. dicotyledonae (dicots) – have 2 seed leaves
1) Branched veins
2) vascular bundles arranged in a ring
3) taproot

43. Comparison of Monocots and Dicots
Section 22-5
Monocots
Dicots
Single cotyledon
Parallel veins
Floral parts often in multiples of 3
Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem
Fibrous roots
Two cotyledons
Branched veins
Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Taproot
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots

44. 3. Woody and Herbaceous Plants
a. Woodiness
1) plants have thick cell walls that support the plant body
2) trees, shrubs, vines
b. Herbaceous
1) plants with a smooth non- woody stems
2) dandelions, petunias, sunflowers

45. 4. Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials
a. Annuals
1) complete a life cycle in one growing season
2) replant each year
b. Biennials
1) complete their life cycle in two years
2) grow the first year, flower the second year

46. c. Perennials
1) live for more than two years
2) woody stems, or a herbaceous stem that are replaced each spring

47. Click the image to play the video segment.
Fertilizers