1. B3 Spaced learning

2. B3 Molecules of life Muscle and liver cells – large number
Genetic code – controls cell activity and organisms characteristics
Protein – amino acid code is 3 bases, base sequence amino acid sequence B3
DNA - Controls production of proteins (enzymes) for growth and repair
Genes - Coded information- each a different sequence of bases for a particular protein
Mitochondria – respiration produces energy here, found in cytoplasm.
Molecules of life
Structure worked out by by Watson and Crick – used data from other scientists – X-ray of double helix and data on bases in pairs – (not accepted immediately, need for repeat by others
Long coiled molecule – divided into genes
Gene can not leave nucleus – copied (mRNA) and protein made (synthesised) in ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
DNA as two strands coiled to form a double helix, four different bases form cross links between the strands (pairs of bases). Complimentary base pairs A-T and C-G.

3. Proteins and Mutations
Extreme pH and high temperature – denature
(irreversible – shape of active site changed)
Optimum temp and pH. (affect rate of reaction)
Q10 = rate at higher temperature
rate at lower temperature
Mutations - Changes to genes – occurs spontaneously, radiation and chemicals– different proteins – harmful or beneficial. Alter, prevent production of protein
Enzymes – Biological catalyst - proteins that speed up reactions, respiration, photosynthesis protein synthesis.
Function of cell determined by switched off/on genes
Proteins and Mutations
Long chains of amino acids, Example - Collagen - Structural, Insulin - Hormone, Haemoglobin – Carrier molecule
Different proteins, different number and sequence of amino acids, different shape, different function.
Different cells and different organisms make different proteins

4. Controlled by enzymes – affected by temperature and pH
Respiration
Makes ATP produces energy – in plants and animals for muscle contractions, protein synthesis and body temperature control (mammals).
Pulse rate and breathing increase during exercise to get more oxygen to cells to provide more energy through aerobic respiration. This stays high to replace oxygen and remove lactic acid to liver after exercise.
Anaerobic respiration - When not enough oxygen can be supplied.
Glucose  Lactic acid
(+little energy)
Lactic acid causes pain and
fatigue.
Experiment – 1 - Resting rate and recovery time - pulse rate taken at intervals. 2- compare respiration rates, O2 and CO2
Oxygen consumption – measure of metabolic rate
RQ = Carbon dioxide produced
Oxygen used
Oxygen Debt – incomplete breakdown of glucose, lactic acid builds up and removed during recovery.

5. Cell division Multicellular organisms Allows organisms to be larger
Allows for cell differentiation
Allows complexity
Requires specialised organs systems
Cell Communication
Supply of nutrients
Exchange control
Simple organisms - Unicellular
Replicate - unzip and form complimentary base pairs, then divide – line up, divide and move to poles
Meiosis
Mitosis
Required for replacement and repair of tissues and new cells for growth.
Asexual reproduction – Mitosis (copy – genetically identical)
Sexual reproduction – gametes join in fertilisation to form a Zygote – half the genes come from each parent controlling characteristics. Causes genetic variation.
Meiosis makes Gametes (Haploid 23)– half the number of chromosomes of body cells (Diploid 46). Each one genetically different due to 2 divisions and copies moving to opposite poles.
Sperm
– produced in large numbers for increased chance of fertilisation.
- Many mitochondria to provide energy
- Acrosome releases enzyme to digest egg

6. The circulatory system
Components of blood: Red blood cells – no nucleus – increases space in cell, - contains haemoglobin – carries O2, absorbed to form oxyhaemoglobin in lungs, reverse happens in tissues, - size - small, - shape – increased surface area. Large surface area to volume ratio. White blood cells – fight disease. Platelets – help the blood to clot. Plasma – Liquid contains dissolved substance and transports them around the body. Hormones Antibodies Nutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamins Waste substances, such as carbon dioxide and urea.
Transports substances around the body
Blood travels in:
Arteries – higher pressure, transport blood away from the heart, thick muscular and elastic.
Veins – to the heart, large lumen and valves.
Capillaries – exchanging material with tissue, permeability.
Double circulatory system – higher pressures, greater flow to tissues
Heart – pumps blood (pressure difference)
Right side – lungs
Left side (Ventricle thicker) - body

7. Growth and development
Stained slide of onion:
Vacuole - Contains cell sap, support
Bacteria cells are smaller and simpler – no true nucleus (single circular strand DNA), no mitochondria, no chloroplasts
Cell wall - Made of cellulose, support
Plant growth
Animal
Continuous
Cell division in meristems
Enlargement to gain height
Differentiate
Final size
Cell division everywhere to gain height
Loose ability to differentiate
Growth:
Measured by Height/length, wet mass and Dry mass(best).
Is cell division followed by differentiation (specialisation)
Cut open an onion
Use forceps, peel thin layer of epidermis
Lay on a microscope slide
Add a drop of iodine solution.
Place a cover slip over.
2 phases of Rapid growth
Birth
Adolescents
Ads and dis advantages
Length – Alive
Dry mass – Dead – water removed.
Wet mass - Alive
Animals– grow in early stages, all parts grow.
Plants – grow their whole life, specific parts of the plant grow.
Growth of parts differ from whole organism
Stem cells – undifferentiated develop into different cells, tissue and organs. Embrionic tissue – treat medical conditions. Animal testing – ethics. Adult stem cells – from bone marrow

8. New genes for old Selective breeding: How:
Select desired characteristic
Cross breed
Select suitable offspring over many generations
Disadvantage:
Reduced gene pool
Inbreeding – health problems
Accumulation of harmful recessive characteristics
Reduced variation
Use:
Improve
Agricultural
yield
Genetic engineering/ Genetic modification
How:
Select desired characteristic
Isolation of genes responsible
Selected genes transferred artificially from one type of organism and inserted into another.
Replication of organism.
Produces organisms with different characteristics
Advantages:
Could be used to cure human genetic disorders
Desired organisms produced rapidly
Disadvantage:
Inserted genes have unexpected harmful effect
Ethical issues
Examples:
Beta-carotene production gene put into rice – humans convert to vitamin A
Human insulin made by GE bacteria.
Resistance to herbicides, frost and disease genes transferred.
Gene Therapy: Changing persons genes in an attempt to cure disorders.
Involves body cells or gametes
Gametes - controversial
New genes for old

9. Cloning Dolly the sheep Example of asexual reproduction.
Plant clones – cuttings and tissue culture.
Advantages
- sure of characteristics as identical
- Mass produce plants that are difficult to seed
Disadvantages
-Lack of genetic variation
-All plants affected by disease or environmental change
Example of asexual reproduction.
Produces genetically identical copies.
Naturally occurs cloning - twins
Dolly the sheep
First mammal cloned from an adult body cell.
Occurs naturally in spider plants, strawberries - runners, potatoes.
Plantlets
Tissue culture
Select characteristic, - large number of small pieces of tissue, - aseptic technique, - use growth medium and conditions.
Easier in plants than animals – cells differentiate
surrogate mother sheep
Branch cut off,
lower leaves removed,
put in damp compost
(plant hormone – rooting powder used)
Covered,
roots develop,
new plant grows
Uses of cloning
– Mass producing animals with desired characteristics.
- Genetically engineered animals to provided human products.
- Human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy, (ethical dilemmas).
- GM animals supply replacement organs for humans (controversial)

10. Lets Dance

11. Molecules of life Large numbers in? Genetic code – definition
Protein – amino acid code is ? Base sequence?
DNA – Controls ?
Genes – definition?
each a different sequence of bases for a particular protein
Mitochondria – what happens here and where are they found?
Molecules of life
Chromosome – definition?
Structure worked out by ?
Used data from other scientists ?
(not accepted immediately?
Gene can not __________– copied (mRNA) and protein made (synthesised) in ________ in the ________.
DNA as two strands coiled to form a __________, four different bases form ________between the strands (pairs of bases). Complimentary base pairs ___ and ___.

12. Molecules of life Muscle and liver cells – large number
Genetic code – controls cell activity and organisms characteristics
Protein – amino acid code is 3 bases, base sequence amino acid sequence
DNA - Controls production of proteins (enzymes) for growth and repair
Genes - Coded information- each a different sequence of bases for a particular protein
Mitochondria – respiration produces energy here, found in cytoplasm.
Molecules of life
Structure worked out by by Watson and Crick – used data from other scientists – X-ray of double helix and data on bases in pairs – (not accepted immediately, need for repeat by others
Long coiled molecule – divided into genes
Gene can not leave nucleus – copied (mRNA) and protein made (synthesised) in ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
DNA as two strands coiled to form a double helix, four different bases form cross links between the strands (pairs of bases). Complimentary base pairs A-T and C-G.

13. Proteins and Mutations
Extreme pH and high temperature – ________?
Optimum temp? Definition?
Q10 = ?
Mutations – definition? occurs spontaneously, _________________– different proteins – harmful or beneficial. Alter, prevent production of protein
Enzymes –definition?
Examples of reactions?
Function of cell determined ______________________genes
Proteins and Mutations
Definition? Example? Type of protein?
Different proteins, have?
Causing a
different shape and different function.
______ cells and _______ organisms make ________ proteins

14. Proteins and Mutations
Extreme pH and high temperature – denature
(irreversible – shape of active site changed)
Optimum temp and pH. (affect rate of reaction)
Q10 = rate at higher temperature
rate at lower temperature
Mutations - Changes to genes – occurs spontaneously, radiation and chemicals– different proteins – harmful or beneficial. Alter, prevent production of protein
Enzymes – Biological catalyst - proteins that speed up reactions, respiration, photosynthesis protein synthesis.
Function of cell determined by switched off/on genes
Proteins and Mutations
Long chains of amino acids, Example - Collagen - Structural, Insulin - Hormone, Haemoglobin – Carrier molecule
Different proteins, different number and sequence of amino acids, different shape, different function.
Different cells and different organisms make different proteins

16. Controlled by enzymes – affected by temperature and pH
Respiration
Makes ATP produces energy – in plants and animals for muscle contractions, protein synthesis and body temperature control (mammals).
Pulse rate and breathing increase during exercise to get more oxygen to cells to provide more energy through aerobic respiration. This stays high to replace oxygen and remove lactic acid to liver after exercise.
Anaerobic respiration - When not enough oxygen can be supplied.
Glucose  Lactic acid
(+little energy)
Lactic acid causes pain and
fatigue.
Experiment – 1 - Resting rate and recovery time - pulse rate taken at intervals. 2- compare respiration rates, O2 and CO2
Oxygen consumption – measure of metabolic rate
RQ = Carbon dioxide produced
Oxygen used
Oxygen Debt – incomplete breakdown of glucose, lactic acid builds up and removed during recovery.

17. Controlled by enzymes – affected by temperature and pH
Respiration
Makes ATP produces energy – in plants and animals for muscle contractions, protein synthesis and body temperature control (mammals).
Pulse rate and breathing increase during exercise to get more oxygen to cells to provide more energy through aerobic respiration. This stays high to replace oxygen and remove lactic acid to liver after exercise.
Anaerobic respiration - When not enough oxygen can be supplied.
Glucose  Lactic acid
(+little energy)
Lactic acid causes pain and
fatigue.
Experiment – 1 - Resting rate and recovery time - pulse rate taken at intervals. 2- compare respiration rates, O2 and CO2
Oxygen consumption – measure of metabolic rate
RQ = Carbon dioxide produced
Oxygen used
Oxygen Debt – incomplete breakdown of glucose, lactic acid builds up and removed during recovery.

18. Cell division Multicellular organisms Allows organisms to be larger
Allows for cell differentiation
Allows complexity
Requires specialised organs systems
Cell Communication
Supply of nutrients
Exchange control
Simple organisms - Unicellular
Replicate - unzip and form complimentary base pairs, then divide – line up, divide and move to poles
Meiosis
Mitosis
Required for replacement and repair of tissues and new cells for growth.
Asexual reproduction – Mitosis (copy – genetically identical)
Sexual reproduction – gametes join in fertilisation to form a Zygote – half the genes come from each parent controlling characteristics. Causes genetic variation.
Meiosis makes Gametes (Haploid 23)– half the number of chromosomes of body cells (Diploid 46). Each one genetically different due to 2 divisions and copies moving to opposite poles.
Sperm
– produced in large numbers for increased chance of fertilisation.
- Many mitochondria to provide energy
- Acrosome releases enzyme to digest egg

19. Cell division Multicellular organisms Allows organisms to be larger
Allows for cell differentiation
Allows complexity
Requires specialised organs systems
Cell Communication
Supply of nutrients
Exchange control
Simple organisms - Unicellular
Replicate - unzip and form complimentary base pairs, then divide – line up, divide and move to poles
Meiosis
Mitosis
Required for replacement and repair of tissues and new cells for growth.
Asexual reproduction – Mitosis (copy – genetically identical)
Sexual reproduction – gametes join in fertilisation to form a Zygote – half the genes come from each parent controlling characteristics. Causes genetic variation.
Meiosis makes Gametes (Haploid 23)– half the number of chromosomes of body cells (Diploid 46). Each one genetically different due to 2 divisions and copies moving to opposite poles.
Sperm
– produced in large numbers for increased chance of fertilisation.
- Many mitochondria to provide energy
- Acrosome releases enzyme to digest egg

20. The circulatory system
Components of blood: Red blood cells – no nucleus – increases space in cell, - contains haemoglobin – carries O2, absorbed to form oxyhaemoglobin in lungs, reverse happens in tissues, - size - small, - shape – increased surface area. Large surface area to volume ratio. White blood cells – fight disease. Platelets – help the blood to clot. Plasma – Liquid contains dissolved substance and transports them around the body. Hormones Antibodies Nutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamins Waste substances, such as carbon dioxide and urea.
Transports substances around the body
Blood travels in:
Arteries – higher pressure, transport blood away from the heart, thick muscular and elastic.
Veins – to the heart, large lumen and valves.
Capillaries – exchanging material with tissue, permeability.
Double circulatory system – higher pressures, greater flow to tissues
Heart – pumps blood (pressure difference)
Right side – lungs
Left side (Ventricle thicker) - body

21. The circulatory system
Components of blood: Red blood cells – no nucleus – increases space in cell, - contains haemoglobin – carries O2, absorbed to form oxyhaemoglobin in lungs, reverse happens in tissues, - size - small, - shape – increased surface area. Large surface area to volume ratio. White blood cells – fight disease. Platelets – help the blood to clot. Plasma – Liquid contains dissolved substance and transports them around the body. Hormones Antibodies Nutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamins Waste substances, such as carbon dioxide and urea.
Transports substances around the body
Blood travels in:
Arteries – higher pressure, transport blood away from the heart, thick muscular and elastic.
Veins – to the heart, large lumen and valves.
Capillaries – exchanging material with tissue, permeability.
Double circulatory system – higher pressures, greater flow to tissues
Heart – pumps blood (pressure difference)
Right side – lungs
Left side (Ventricle thicker) - body

22. Growth and development
Stained slide of onion:
Vacuole - Contains cell sap, support
Bacteria cells are smaller and simpler – no true nucleus (single circular strand DNA), no mitochondria, no chloroplasts
Cell wall - Made of cellulose, support
Plant growth
Animal
Continuous
Cell division in meristems
Enlargement to gain height
Differentiate
Final size
Cell division everywhere to gain height
Loose ability to differentiate
Growth:
Measured by Height/length, wet mass and Dry mass(best).
Is cell division followed by differentiation (specialisation)
Cut open an onion
Use forceps, peel thin layer of epidermis
Lay on a microscope slide
Add a drop of iodine solution.
Place a cover slip over.
2 phases of Rapid growth
Birth
Adolescents
Ads and dis advantages
Length – Alive
Dry mass – Dead – water removed.
Wet mass - Alive
Animals– grow in early stages, all parts grow.
Plants – grow their whole life, specific parts of the plant grow.
Growth of parts differ from whole organism
Stem cells – undifferentiated develop into different cells, tissue and organs. Embrionic tissue – treat medical conditions. Animal testing – ethics. Adult stem cells – from bone marrow

23. Growth and development
Stained slide of onion:
Vacuole - Contains cell sap, support
Bacteria cells are smaller and simpler – no true nucleus (single circular strand DNA), no mitochondria, no chloroplasts
Cell wall - Made of cellulose, support
Plant growth
Animal
Continuous
Cell division in meristems
Enlargement to gain height
Differentiate
Final size
Cell division everywhere to gain height
Loose ability to differentiate
Growth:
Measured by Height/length, wet mass and Dry mass(best).
Is cell division followed by differentiation (specialisation)
Cut open an onion
Use forceps, peel thin layer of epidermis
Lay on a microscope slide
Add a drop of iodine solution.
Place a cover slip over.
2 phases of Rapid growth
Birth
Adolescents
Ads and dis advantages
Length – Alive
Dry mass – Dead – water removed.
Wet mass - Alive
Animals– grow in early stages, all parts grow.
Plants – grow their whole life, specific parts of the plant grow.
Growth of parts differ from whole organism
Stem cells – undifferentiated develop into different cells, tissue and organs. Embrionic tissue – treat medical conditions. Animal testing – ethics. Adult stem cells – from bone marrow

24. New genes for old Selective breeding: How:
Select desired characteristic
Cross breed
Select suitable offspring over many generations
Disadvantage:
Reduced gene pool
Inbreeding – health problems
Accumulation of harmful recessive characteristics
Reduced variation
Use:
Improve
Agricultural
yield
Genetic engineering/ Genetic modification
How:
Select desired characteristic
Isolation of genes responsible
Selected genes transferred artificially from one type of organism and inserted into another.
Replication of organism.
Produces organisms with different characteristics
Advantages:
Could be used to cure human genetic disorders
Desired organisms produced rapidly
Disadvantage:
Inserted genes have unexpected harmful effect
Ethical issues
Examples:
Beta-carotene production gene put into rice – humans convert to vitamin A
Human insulin made by GE bacteria.
Resistance to herbicides, frost and disease genes transferred.
Gene Therapy: Changing persons genes in an attempt to cure disorders.
Involves body cells or gametes
Gametes - controversial
New genes for old

25. New genes for old Selective breeding: How:
Select desired characteristic
Cross breed
Select suitable offspring over many generations
Disadvantage:
Reduced gene pool
Inbreeding – health problems
Accumulation of harmful recessive characteristics
Reduced variation
Use:
Improve
Agricultural
yield
Genetic engineering/ Genetic modification
How:
Select desired characteristic
Isolation of genes responsible
Selected genes transferred artificially from one type of organism and inserted into another.
Replication of organism.
Produces organisms with different characteristics
Advantages:
Could be used to cure human genetic disorders
Desired organisms produced rapidly
Disadvantage:
Inserted genes have unexpected harmful effect
Ethical issues
Examples:
Beta-carotene production gene put into rice – humans convert to vitamin A
Human insulin made by GE bacteria.
Resistance to herbicides, frost and disease genes transferred.
Gene Therapy: Changing persons genes in an attempt to cure disorders.
Involves body cells or gametes
Gametes - controversial
New genes for old

26. Cloning Dolly the sheep Example of asexual reproduction.
Plant clones – cuttings and tissue culture.
Advantages
- sure of characteristics as identical
- Mass produce plants that are difficult to seed
Disadvantages
-Lack of genetic variation
-All plants affected by disease or environmental change
Example of asexual reproduction.
Produces genetically identical copies.
Naturally occurs cloning - twins
Dolly the sheep
First mammal cloned from an adult body cell.
Occurs naturally in spider plants, strawberries - runners, potatoes.
Plantlets
Tissue culture
Select characteristic, - large number of small pieces of tissue, - aseptic technique, - use growth medium and conditions.
Easier in plants than animals – cells differentiate
surrogate mother sheep
Branch cut off,
lower leaves removed,
put in damp compost
(plant hormone – rooting powder used)
Covered,
roots develop,
new plant grows
Uses of cloning
– Mass producing animals with desired characteristics.
- Genetically engineered animals to provided human products.
- Human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy, (ethical dilemmas).
- GM animals supply replacement organs for humans (controversial)

27. Cloning Dolly the sheep Example of asexual reproduction.
Plant clones – cuttings and tissue culture.
Advantages
- sure of characteristics as identical
- Mass produce plants that are difficult to seed
Disadvantages
-Lack of genetic variation
-All plants affected by disease or environmental change
Example of asexual reproduction.
Produces genetically identical copies.
Naturally occurs cloning - twins
Dolly the sheep
First mammal cloned from an adult body cell.
Occurs naturally in spider plants, strawberries - runners, potatoes.
Plantlets
Tissue culture
Select characteristic, - large number of small pieces of tissue, - aseptic technique, - use growth medium and conditions.
Easier in plants than animals – cells differentiate
surrogate mother sheep
Branch cut off,
lower leaves removed,
put in damp compost
(plant hormone – rooting powder used)
Covered,
roots develop,
new plant grows
Uses of cloning
– Mass producing animals with desired characteristics.
- Genetically engineered animals to provided human products.
- Human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy, (ethical dilemmas).
- GM animals supply replacement organs for humans (controversial)

28. Exam questions