1. Producing “New” Small Grain Crops in the Mid-Atlantic Wade Thomason

2. Outline Current and Future Situation Bread Wheat Hulless Barley

3. Virginia Wheat Acres 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1990 1991199219931994 1995199619971998199920002001 2002 20032004 20052006 Harvested Acres $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 $4.00 $4.50 1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002 2003 2004 20052006 Value, $/bu

4. What’s This All About? 8.5 million acres of agricultural land 47,000 farms Avg. size is 181 acres More than 1/3 of all the land development that has taken place since 1607 has occurred in the last 20 years. Average annual rate of agricultural land converted to developed uses (acres) 23,260 Average annual rate of rural land converted to developed uses (acres) 69,480 More, smaller farms

5. Survey

6. If your wheat acreage decreased, what were the two most important reasons for the decrease? (Indicate the most important reason with a 1 and the second most important reason with a 2)

7. Survey What price/bushel level would it take for you to re- introduce wheat on your farm or increase wheat acreage? 6% $3.50-3.75 28% $3.76-4.00 48%$4.01 + 17% Do not plan to grow wheat regardless of price

8. Wheat Prices, CBOT & KCBOT AVG. of $0.40/bu or more

10. Development of Specialty Wheat Varieties with High Value End Use Properties

11. Management Studies Bread Wheat Seeding Rate Plots were planted into conventionally tilled fields at rates of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 seeds per row ft. (25, 34, 43, 51, and 60 seeds per square ft.) at both sites. RCBD with 4 reps Karl 92, Soissons, TAM 110, Lakin, and Renwood 3260

12. Bread Wheat Seeding Rate y = -0.0046x 2 + 0.5287x + 42.308 R 2 = 0.8083 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 010203040506070 Seeds ft -2 Plants ft -2, GS 11

13. Bread Wheat Seeding Rate y = -0.0045x 2 + 0.6953x - 0.0612 R 2 = 0.9962 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 010203040506070 Seeds ft -2 Heads ft -2, GS 75

14. Bread Wheat Seeding Rate 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2634435160 Seeds ft -2 Kernels per Head

15. Bread Wheat Seeding Rate 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 2634435160 Seeds ft -2 1000 kernel wt, g

16. Bread Wheat Seeding Rate y = -0.0014x 2 + 0.2286x + 71.374 R 2 = 0.9928 76 77 78 79 80 81 010203040506070 Seeds ft -2 Yield, bu ac -1

17. Management Studies Bread Wheat Seeding Rate A quadratic effect of seeding rate on early season plant density was observed across sites in 2005 and 2006. The number of heads was increased with increased seeding rate up through 30 seeds row ft (1/3 more than the recommended seeding rate for SRWW). Yield was also increased with seeding rate, even at what would normally be considered extremely high rates.

18. Fertilization Randomized complete block design with eight replications was deployed to evaluate late- season N rates and timing. 0, 20, 30, and 40 lb N/ac applied as dissolved urea solution at GS37, GS 45, or GS 54. Sulfur was applied randomly to four of the eight replications at GS 30 in each year, resulting in this effect being nested within replication effect. Soissons (French Bread Wheat) Heyne (Kansas HRWW) Renwood 3260, (SRWW –strong gluten)

19. Fertilization Late-season N increased yield ~ 10% of the time. Late-season N never decreased yield. S at GS 30 caused foliar burn but not lost yield.

20. Grain protein response of Soissons wheat to late-season N with and without S y = 0.0203x + 11.249 R 2 = 0.9954 y = -0.0004x 2 + 0.0412x + 11.218 R 2 = 0.9999 11 11.5 12 12.5 01020304050 N Rate (kg/ha) Grain Protein (%) +S -S

21. Flour protein of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003. y = 0.0184x + 9.2055 R 2 = 0.9874 y = 0.0109x + 10.716 R 2 = 0.9921 y = 0.0207x + 10.599 R 2 = 0.9597 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 01020304050 GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1 Flour Protein, % Soissons Heyne Renwood 3260

22. Water absorption of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 01020304050 GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1 Water Absorption, % Soissons Heyne Renwood 3260

23. Loaf volume of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003.

24. Fertilization No effect of late-season foliar N on yield Grain and flour protein concentration of all three cultivars were consistently increased with the application of late- season foliar N applications up to 30 lb N ac -1. Variable response to S. Growth stage (45 versus 54) timing of late-season N application generally did not differ significantly as to the effect on grain, flour, and bread quality characteristics. Grain protein increase in response to applied N varied by cultivar. Application of 30 to 40 lb N ac -1 between GS 45 and 54 to winter bread wheat cultivars grown in humid, high rainfall areas likely will result in consistent increases in grain and flour protein concentration as well as increased water absorption and improvements in bread loaf volume. Other measured flour and baking properties were not commonly affected.

25. Disease Management Karl 92, Amelio, TAM 110, Renwood 3260, and Lakin. Seed for the seed treatment plots was treated with Baytan 30 seed treatment at 1.5 oz per 100 lb seed. Quilt was applied at 14 oz/ac to all treated plots at GS 37 (flag leaf emergence).

26. Disease Management Baytan No Baytan Quilt treated

27. Bread Wheat Disease Management 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SoissonsKarl 92TAM 110Renwood 3260Lakin Leaf Rust Rating, 0-9 + Quilt - Quilt

28. Bread Wheat Disease Management 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 AMELIOKARL92LAKINREN3260SOISSONSTAM110 Yield bu ac -1

29. Bread Wheat Disease Management 80 82 84 86 88 90 NONEQUILT Yield, bu ac -1

30. Development of Hulless Barley as a Value-Added Crop

32. Hulless Barley

34. Higher Starch Higher Protein Lower Ash Lower Fiber

35. Management Studies Hulless Barley Seeding Rate Study Seeding rates of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 seeds row-ft -1 in six inch rows for three hulled and six hulless varieties. Seedling counts, grain yield, and yield components are measured. ThoroughbredVA01H-68 323 seeds m -2 ThoroughbredVA01H-68 646 seeds m -2

36. Hulless Barley Seeding Rate y = 0.3497x + 65.592 R 2 = 0.7957 y = 0.159x + 104.96 R 2 = 0.6618 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 020406080 Seeds/square foot Grain Yield, bushel/acre Hulled Hulless

37. Fertilization N applied at GS 25 and GS 30 0, 40, 60, and 80 lb ac -1 12 lb ac -1 foliar P 2 O 5 applied at GS 30

38. Hulless Barley N Rate y = -0.0968x 2 + 34.024x + 2672.1 R 2 = 0.942 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 020406080100120140160180 Total Spring N rate, kg ha Grain Yield, kg ha

39. Hulless Barley N Rate

40. Pests Weeds Insects Disease

41. Lodging 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 00.50.751 Ethephon rate, pint/acre Plant Height, inches DOYCE VA00H-65 VA01H-68

42. Lodging 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 00.50.751 Ethephon rate, pint/acre Yield, bu/ac Doyce VA00H-65 VA01H-68

43. Harvesting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 handpick900 rpm950 rpm1000 rpm1400 rpm % Decrease germination 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 handpick900 rpm950 rpm1000 rpm1400 rpm Germination, % Harvest Method / Combine Cylinder Speed

45. Research and Education Swine and Poultry Feed

46. Research and Education Equine

47. Results: Hulless Versus Hulled Barley Fermentations (No  -Glucanase Added) ValueHulledDoyce Hulless Fermentation Sample7.5 lbs Starch (db) in Grain50%59% %Protein (db) in Grain10.012.8 % B-Glucan (db) in Grain2.93.3 Ethanol Yield (% Theory)103% + 5%105% + 5% Ethanol Conc. in Beer 74 g/l86 g/l Ethanol per lb Barley 116 g/lb137 g/lb Gallons/Bushel (Theoretical) 1.64 gal/bu (test wt. = 48 lb/bu) 2.27 gal/bu (test wt. = 56 lb/bu