1. Table 1. Recognized families of pathogenesis-related proteins Family Type member Properties Gene symbols PR-1Tobacco PR-1a Unknown Ypr1 PR-2Tobacco PR-2 β-1,3-glucanase Ypr2, [Gns2 (‘Glb’)] PR-3Tobacco P, Q Chitinase type I, II, IV, V, VI, VII Ypr3, Chia PR-4Tobacco ‘R’ Chitinase type I, II Ypr4, Chid PR-5 Tobacco S Thaumatin-like YPR-5 PR-6 Tomato Inhibitor I Proteinase-inhibitor Ypr6, Pis (‘Pin’) PR-7 Tomato P 69 Endoproteinase Ypr7 PR-8 Cucumber chitinase Chitinase type III Ypr8, Chib PR-9 Tobacco “lignin-forming Peroxidase Ypr9, Prx peroxidase” PR-10 Parsley “PR1” Ribonuclease-like Ypr10 PR-11 Tobacco “class V” chitinase Chitinase, type I Ypr11, Chic PR-12 Radish Rs-AFP3 Defensin Ypr12 PR-13 Arabidopsis THI2.1 Thionin Ypr13, Thi PR-14 Barley LTP4 Lipid-transfer protein Ypr14, Ltp PR-15 Barley OxOa (germin) Oxalate oxidase Ypr15 PR-16 Barley OxOLP Oxalate-oxidase-like Ypr16 PR-17 Tobacco PRp27 Unknown Ypr17 Further details can be found at http://www.bio.uu.nl/~fytopath/PR-families.htm. Van Loon LC, Rep M, Pieterse CMJ (2006) Significance of inducible defense-related proteins in infected plants. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 44:135-162.

2. Osmotin Treatment (48h) 0 0.001 0.003 0.005 Control1ug/ml7.5ug/m l 10ug/ml PGC1α mRNA Osmotin Promotes AMPK Activation And PGC1α Gene Expression in Human Biopsy Liver Cells Osmotin (ug/ml) 0 1 5 7.5 10 20

3. PR-5/Thaumatin-like Proteins Occur In Insects, Nematodes and Some Fungi Sequence and structural similarity with plant PR-5 proteins As families Functions defense against pathogen Innate Immunity conidial germination ?

4. TNFalfa Complement C1q Adiponectin Hibernation- specific proteins Innate/Adaptive immunity Energy metabolism Are PR-5 Domains Equivalent To Mammalian gC1q Protein Domains? Structural proteins Collagen Brain-specific proteins Neurotransmitters?

5. What Are Functions Of PR-5 Domain Proteins In Plants? Animals gC1q Defense Energy Metabolism ↓ Carbon utilization Plants PR-5 Defense Energy Metabolism ?

6. PR5K3 (At5g38280) (665 aa) PR5K2 (At4g18250) (853aa) THN KINASE THN Mutation Of PR5-kinases Results In Nighttime Starch Accumulation Col-0 Vec-1 EOD PR5k3 RNAi 15-4 PR5k3 RNAi 22-6 PR-5k2-1 PR5k2-4 Starch stain End of dark PR-5k2-4 PR-5k2-1 PR-5k3 RNAi PR5Ks Function Energy Metabolism Or Carbon Utilization

7. sugar STARCH Leaf Nighttime Starch Degradation Is Stimulated By Carbon Or Energy Shortage Abiotic/biotic stress Energy shortage Intracellular Sucrose high Extracellular sugar low Dark increase decrease PR5K? Starch degradation defect Shortage of non-C nutrient PR5K? Defect in cell wall biosynthesis Energy & C shortage C excess

8. Constitutive Induced