1. Early Farmers and City Dwellers
Chapter 2
Early Farmers and City Dwellers

2. Producing Food
Before 10,000 years ago, ALL HUMANS were hunters and gatherers!
After the last Ice Age, groups of people were able to spread out. Because of this, they:
-saw animals and plants they had never seen before!
-had additional food sources
-the population increased!

3. What happened to the Animals?
It is a mystery why many large Ice Age animals became extinct.
-Did the warmer temperatures…
loss of habitat…
overhunting….
kill off the animals?

5. The loss of animals meant…
A loss of meat as a food supply!

6. Drought
The climate of Southwestern Asia and other places grew drier because of a drought which caused food shortages!
This caused PROBLEMS!

7. How to survive a Drought!
People started to figure out how to store food to last for longer periods of time.
Others developed weapons to start to hunt smaller prey.
Women gatherers in Southwest Asia tried planting seeds of wild grasses such as rye, barley and wheat (einkorn)- they became the FIRST FARMERS!

8. ?Question?
What challenges did people face as Earth’s climate changed after the last Ice Age?

9. Answer People faced: growing populations… animal extinctions….
and droughts
after the last Ice Age.

10. Agricultural Revolution
About 10,000 years ago in Southwest Asia, people at Abu Hureyra and Jericho were the first to DOMESTICATE PLANTS and ANIMALS!
People selected plants that would grow, making it possible to grow better and better crops each season!

12. Abu Hureyra Was populated in two different periods:
Period 1: people hunted and gathered
Period 2: people farmed
This shows an area that transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming!
Note* When agriculture replaced hunting and gathering, the daily grind changed dramatically. The effects can be read in Neolithic bones from what is now northern Syria. Among them were arthritis and lower back injury in those who ground wheat, and broken teeth and gum disease in those who ate the breads made from it.

13. Use of Animals Wild dogs had been tamed to help people hunt.
Wild sheep and goats were now being captured and kept in pens so people would be sure of a meat supply during droughts.
Soon these penned animals (livestock) became tame and provided resources and a consistent source of meat.
These hunting/gathering
communities soon became
farming communities.

14. Before Agriculture became a way of life, most people were nomads who settled where water, wild plants and wild animals were plentiful.
After people started farming, they could build longer-lasting shelters in permanent settlements, like Abu Hureyra!

15. People in Abu Hureyra lived in pits dug into the ground, covered with reeds:
Later, they build houses of mud bricks consisting of several rooms and providing space for an entire family!

16. Agricultural Revolution
This agricultural revolution that had taken place allowed people to produce larger food supplies in one place so more and more people could live together, work together, organize and create rules in permanent settlements building communities.

17. ?Question?
In which regions around the world did farming develop independently?

18. Answer:
Regions included Northern Africa, southern Asia, eastern Asia and South America.

19. Farming as a way of Life:
Agriculture took more work than hunting and gathering.

20. Men had to clear the land, protect crops and herds and hunt.

21. Women and children planted, cared for and harvested the crops then prepared and stored food.

22. Soil had to be as fertile as possible in order for plants to grow so crops were often planted in river valleys.
If forests were thick, Slash and Burn Farming was used to prepare the soil for planting.

23. Slash and Burn
They had to clear the trees and brush from the land, burn the trees and mix the ashes with the soil to fertilize it and plant their crops.

24. Farming Families
-passed on the ownership of land to their next generations…
Farmers worshipped their ancestors as they believed the spirits of their ancestors guarded the land!
Farmers grew enough food to give them surplus (extra food) for times when seasons didn’t harvest enough food.
They might even lend surplus food to other communities in need, creating friendships OR present surplus to the dead to show respect.

25. Trade
People began trading surplus food for goods such as home-building materials, clothing, tools or other foods not found in their areas.

26. In what ways did people use surplus food?
? Question?
In what ways did people use surplus food?

27. Answer People used surplus food for planting, as food,
to help others in need
as gifts for dead ancestors to show respect.
for trade.

28. REVIEW: Turn to your partner and discuss the following:
1. How did changes in climate at the end of the Ice Age affect food sources for people?
2. Explain Slash-and-Burn Farming?
3. How did early people domesticate animals?
4. What were some of the first crops that early farmers raised?

29. 1. How did changes in climate at the end of the Ice Age affect food sources for people?
As the world’s climate grew warmer and drier, people developed new ways to store food, hunted smaller prey and began farming.

30. 2. Explain Slash-and-Burn Farming?
Slash and Burn Farming required them to clear the trees and brush from their land, burn the trees and mix the ashes with the soil to fertilize it before planting crops.

31. 3. How did early people domesticate animals?
They domesticated wild dogs then started capturing and penning wild sheep and and goats. Soon these animals provided valuable resources as well as meat.

32. 4. What were some of the first crops that early farmers raised?
Rye, Barley and wheat (einkorn)

33. ?Question?
What might have happened to the development of Agriculture, had the Ice Age ended a thousand years later than it had?

34. Answer
It probably would have developed a thousand years later!

35. Lesson 2
Forming complex Societies

36. Farming Villages Early farming settlements were small (a few families)
People lived from one harvest to the next, fighting hunger, bad weather (drought, storms, extreme heat or cold).
Weather affected crops and livestock.
Farmers grew surplus food as often as possible to help with hard times.

37. In Other Communities:
Water was plentiful, soil was good, climate was mild.
Farming was successful!
Farmers raised many different crops including grains, root vegetables and plants they could use for medicine, making clothing and for building shelters!
Animals such as oxen, camels, dogs and guinea pigs were kept.

38. Successful Farming Communities:
Subsided/survived
Produced enough surplus for more and more people.
Grew into villages of several hundred people!

39. By 7000 B. C. , farming villages spread across SW Asia
By 7000 B.C., farming villages spread across SW Asia. Abu Hureyra and Jericho grew into farming villages. Jarmo had more than 25 houses!
Catal Huyuk and other farming villages in Turkey had to be rebuilt many times because the baked clay bricks of the houses crumbled over time. In Catal Huyuk, people were more advanced and decorated their homes with paintings/carvings of women, bulls, etc.

40. Catal Huyuk

41. Farming Communities Spread:
By 6000 BC, Agriculture spread to Greece and southeastern Europe.
Crops- wheat, barley, other grains
Animals- cattle, sheep, pigs were kept.
Homes- wood, straw, materials they found nearby.
Bandkeramik pottery carved with lines became popular in 5500 B.C.
Farming communities spread in India and Pakistan (Asia) as well. Water Buffalo were raised there.

42. Bandkeramik pottery

43. Growth of Agriculture Area Years Plants Animals Greece/ Europe
6000 B.C.
Wheat, barley, etc.
Cattle, sheep, pigs
Banderamik
5500 B.C.
pottery
India/Pakistan (Asia)
Grains and other crops
Cattle, water buffalo, etc.
Asia (Mehrgarh) west of Indus River
5000 B.C.
Cotton to weave into cloth for trade
China
4800 B.C.
Terrace farming

44. Terrace Farming
The Yangshao People developed Terrace Farming in China around 4800 B.C.
Terraces were formed by cutting steps out of flat land into the sides of hills and mountains. This created more flat
land on which to grow
crops. It also protected
the village from floods!

45. Artifacts have been found from early farming along the Nile River in N
Artifacts have been found from early farming along the Nile River in N. Africa. Flooding buried most artifacts but experts believe farming flourished along the Nile River by 5000 B.C.

46. What two advantages did terraces provide for the Yangshao people?
?Question?
What two advantages did terraces provide for the Yangshao people?

47. Answer:
Terraces provided more flat land for farming and protection from floods!

48. Changes in Technology Sticks used to dig up roots/make holes
Hoe- wooden/stone blade to break up and turn over soil for planting, dig out rocks/tree roots.
Stick Plow- cut, lift, turn over soil. One end of a large stick branch ws sharpened to dig rows in the soil in which to plant seeds.
Stone Plow-had a stone or wooden blade- cut through the ground faster. Animals later pulled the plows. Allowed difficult soil to be now usable, like in Europe. Fewer people had to plant larger crops now. More land could be used for farming.
Irrigation- ditches were dug from rivers to the fields so water could be transported to the crops when there was little rain.

49. Irrigation

50. What benefits did the development of the plow bring?
? Question?
What benefits did the development of the plow bring?

51. Answer
The development of the plow allowed fewer people to plant larger crops and to use more of the land for farming.

52. Economic and Social Change
Some villages had a surplus of food, others art objects or pottery.
Bartering began between communities allowing people to trade for things they didn’t have. A community with a lot of food but little pottery could trade with a village that had a lot of pottery but little food!
Catal Huyuk began trading obsidian (volcanic glass found nearby). Archaeologists have found tools over the years made from Obsidian around the region. Jarmo had Obsidian, seashells and other valuable materials brought there by traders.

53. Obsidian

54. Leadership With trade, came the need for leadership.
Leaders came from the most important families within villages.
Leaders controlled trade.
Leaders resolved conflicts.
Sometimes leaders united several settlements with a common culture.
As the number of people under a leader grew, so did the leader’s power.

55. Pastoral Societies
Some people didn’t settle in communities, instead they remained nomads (wanderers) with herds of goats, sheep, horses or cattle.
These animals provided milk, hides and bones for tools.
As they moved from settlement to settlement, they might trade the milk, hides, bones for items such as surplus grain or other supplies.

56. ? Question?
What resources did pastoral people get from their animals?

57. Answer
Pastoral people got milk, hides and bones for tools from their animals.

58. Turn to your partner and discuss:
1. Why did early people begin to live together in villages?
2. What is a pastoral society and how do they live?
3. How did living in villages change people’s way of life?
4. In what ways would irrigation require cooperation among people in a farming settlement?
5. How do archaeologists know that the village of Jarmo traded with other villages?

59. 1. Why did early people begin to live together in villages?
Answer: With surplus food, farming communities could feed larger numbers of people. In time, these communities became villages.

60. 2. What is a pastoral society and how do they live?
Answer: A pastoral society is a society in which people live as nomads herding animals. They can trade the milk, hide and bones from their animals for grain or other items they made need.

61. 3. How did living in villages change people’s way of life?
Answer: Village life led to the development of more complex societies, new tools and trade.

62. 4. In what ways would irrigation require cooperation among people in a farming settlement?
Answer: People would need to cooperate in digging ditches and making sure that everyone had enough water!

63. 5. How do archaeologists know that the village of Jarmo traded with other villages?
Answer: They found obsidian, seashells and other materials brought to Jarmo by traders.

64. Lesson 1 Vocab Drought-A long period of time with little or no rain.
Domesticate- to tame plants or animals for human use.
Livestock-domesticated animals that provide resources.
Agriculture-the knowledge of raising plants and animals.
Slash-and-Burn Farming- a system of farming in which thick forestlands are cut and burned to prepare the soil for planting.
Surplus- an extra supply.

65. Lesson 2 Vocab Subsist- To survive
Terrace- flat areas built on the slopes of hills and mountains.
Plow- a tool used to cut, lift and turn over soil.
Irrigation-ways to move water to land.
Barter-to trade for things people want.
Pastoral society-a group of people living as nomads with herds of animals.

66. Lesson 3 Vocab
Division of labor- a system in which people do different jobs according to their abilities and the needs of the group.
Merchant- a person who sells goods bought from traders.
Social class-a group that has a specific level of importance in a society.
Government- an organized system of leaders and laws.
Urban- relating to a city or cities.
Taxation- a system in which people pay taxes to support a government.
Civilization- a society with developed forms of religion and ways of governing.

67. Building Communities
Success at farming or trading allowed villages to grow into towns such as Jericho.
Around 7000 B.C., the village of Jericho grew into one of the earliest towns. It was a great place to live. Crops grew well in the fertile soil, farmers grew barley and wheat and raised sheep and goats There was a surplus of crops.

68. By 6500 B.C., Jericho became an important trading town with people! There was water and a place to rest for travelers crossing the desert. Beehive shaped houses covered 10 acres of land there.
A wall was built around Jericho to defend it from enemies and wild animals. Guards stood watch and a moat was dug out around the wall.
The dead were buried, sometimes under their homes, with a great amount of respect. Religious beliefs were important.
Around 6000 B.C., the settlement of Jericho was abandoned. No one knows why.

69. ?Question?
What allowed many early villages to grow into towns?

70. Answer
Success at farming or trading allowed early villages to grow into towns.

71. Catal Huyuk
Catal Huyuk was near a good supply of water in and area with good soil for crops. It was near important trade routes with allowed people to exchange good with people from far away. By 6500 B.C., it’s control of Obsidian trade made it a success!
Catal Huyuk also respected its dead, burying them with sculptures, jewelry and weapons. They also built many shrines.
Homes were small and had separate rooms for cooking, sleeping, worshipping, etc.

72. Catal Huyuk made the first linen weaving the flax plant’s fiber into cloth for making clothing.
No outside walls were built around the community. Instead, the walls of the houses formed the defenses of the town. Houses could only be entered from the roofs (like later day Adobes). When ganger struck, people pulled up their ladders and stayed inside for protection.
Towns grew all over and people exchanged more and more goods, changing their lives forever.

73. ?Question?
What artifacts have archaeologist found in graves at Catal Huyuk?

74. Answer
Sculptures, jewelry and weapons have been found in graves at Catal Huyuk.

75. Labor, Leaders and Laws
Larger communities enabled jobs other than farming to exist. A division of labor developed as people began to work according to their abilities. Some people:
Grew crops
Made tools/clothing
Became merchants who bought/sold goods

76. Leaders of Towns
Because of different levels of responsibility, society became divided into Social Classes.
Highest Class was made up of rulers, priests, and other important leaders and their families.
These members ruled in towns and passed their positions on to their chosen family members, keeping the power in the family.
Leaders had to control more people, larger food supplies and wider trade than leaders of villages did.
Leaders created many unwritten laws townspeople had to live by. This was the start of GOVERNMENT (organized system of leaders and laws).

77. ?Question?
What social divisions developed among people of early towns?

78. Answer
A division of labor and social classes developed among people of early towns.

79. Cities and Civilizations:
Around 3500 B.C., some towns in SW Asia developed into cities. Early cities had 5000 people or more living in them. People lived closer together in cities than they did in towns.
Longer walls had to be built for defense
Leaders had to maintain water supplies and nearby irrigation systems.
Leaders supervised the construction of temples, palaces and other buildings.

80. In cities, people learned to do even more specialized jobs: merchants, craftworkers, traders, city government officials who helped manage the city.
The management of cities led to TAXATION.
Many paid their taxes while working on government projects while others paid their taxes with crops. The city used the crops to pay city officials and to trade for other goods and materials.

81. First Cities
FIRST CITIES: Eridu, Kish, Ur, Uruk (southeast Asia) along the Mesopotamia.
Around 3100 B.C., cities in Mesopotamia gave rise to the world’s first civilizations.
Early Civilizations covered larger areas, had better organized societies and economies and constructed larger buildings and temples.
A central government was usually in control.
Advances were made in science, mathematics and transportation.
They developed a form of writing, record keeping, trade and taxes.
Religions began.

82. ? Question?
What were some of the responsibilities of government in early civilizations?

83. Answer
Some of the responsibilities of government in early civilizations included:
taxation
organization
society
economy
construction
religion

84. Turn to your partner and discuss:
1. How did early cities begin?
2. What does Urban mean and describe what Urban life was like.
3. Where did the earliest cities develop?
4. How were early cities different from early towns?
5. Why did a system of taxation come about in early cities?
6. What caused social classes to develop?

85. 1. How did early cities begin?
1. Cities developed from towns.

86. 2. What does Urban mean and describe what Urban life was like.
Urban means relating to a city or cities.
People lived closer together in heavily populated Urban areas.

87. 3. Where did the earliest cities develop?
The earliest cities developed in Mesopotamia.

88. 4. How were early cities different from early towns?
Cities had urban areas, a highly organized government, more specialized jobs and taxation.

89. 5. Why did a system of taxation come about in early cities?
A system of taxation came about to support the governments’ management of cities.

90. 6. What caused social classes to develop?
Social classes developed when a need for division of labor came about.

91. Vocab Review 1
____ 1, A long period of time with little or no rain A. Livestock
____ 2. to tame plants or animals for human use B. Surplus
____ 3. domesticated animals that provide resources C. Domesticate
____ 4. the knowledge of raising plants and animals D. Drought____
____5. a system of farming in which thick forestlands E. Agriculture are cut and burned to prepare the soil for planting F. Slash
____6. an extra supply And Burn

92. Vocab Review 2 _________To survive
_________flat areas built on the slopes of hills and mountains.
_________a tool used to cut, lift and turn over soil.
_________ways to move water to land.
_________to trade for things people want.
_________A group of people living as nomads with herds of animals.
A. Barter B. Plow C. Pastoral Society D. Irrigation
E. Terrace F. Subsist

93. Vocab review 3
_______________ a system in which people do different jobs according to their abilities and the needs of the group.
____________a person who sells goods bought from traders.
____________a group that has a specific level of importance in a society.
____________an organized system of leaders and laws.
____________relating to a city or cities.
____________ a system in which people pay taxes to support a government.
____________a society with developed forms of religion and ways of governing.
A. Government B. Merchant C. Civilization D. Urban
E. Division of Labor F. Taxation G. Social Class

94. Which developed first?
Cities or Irrigation? Explain

95. Irrigation developed first with terrace farming in the Yangshao village.

96. About how long after people began to domesticate plants did people develop the plow?

97. 10,000 years ago, people started domesticating plants.
About 6000 years ago people invented the plow.

98. What changes after the Ice Age led humans to begin farming?

99. Warmer temperatures, growing populations, animal extinction and droughts all led to the need for farming.

100. What were two animals that early farmers in SW Asia kept?

101. Farmers in SW Asia started to domesticate Sheep and Goats!

102. How did the Yangshao people change their land to make it better for farming?

103. They formed terraces into the sides of hills and mountains.

104. What kinds of crops did the first farmers grow:
A. fruits
B. grains
C. nuts
D. vegetables

105. Answer
B. Grains (barley, wheat and rye)

106. Which of the following is true about the people of Abu Hureyra and Jericho?
A. they were fierce soldiers.
B. they had a written language
They learned to build dams.
They domesticated plants and animals.

107. Answer:
D. They domesticated plants and animals.

108. Compare/Contrast Abu Hureyra and Jericho

109. Show What You Know:
VILLAGES
TOWNS
CITIES
CIVILIZATIONS

110. What did leaders do? ___kept it in the family ____ assigned jobs
___ made unwritten laws ____ control people
___ grew crops ____control trade
___ controlled larger ____ started religion
food supplies

111. True or False? ____Priests were in the highest social class?
____Merchants sold goods they bought from
other traders.
____ Catal Huyuk had a moat around its town.
____ Stone plows came before stick plows.
____ Dogs were the first domesticated animal.
____ Extreme weather could have led to Ice
Animals becoming extinct.
____ Archaeologists found limestone around Jarmo
that showed that trading existed.

112. ____ Bandkeramik pottery was made of circles.
____ Tortoises helped make land flat for
farming and protected villages from floods.
____ Obsidian was used in tools, weapons & art.
____ Cats and Frogs were caged &domesticated.
____ No one knows why Jericho was abandoned.
____ Division of Labor developed when people began
to work according to their abilities.
____ Ur was one of the first cities.
____ The first cities were located in southern Asia.