1. Monocots Cont. Poales

2. Poaceae Eriocaulaceae Xyridaceae Bromeliaceae Typhaceae Flagellariaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae Mayacaceae Joinvilleaceae Restionaceae Loss of raphide crystals Loss of septal nectaries

3. Typhaceae Cattail Family, common in northern hemisphere, including US 28 species of rhizomatous aquatic herbs Leaves are used in weaving, and starchy rhizomes, young staminate inflorescences, and pollen are eaten

4. Typhaceae Synapomorphies: Monoecious, Tepals reduced, 1 functional carpel with 1 ovule

5. Typhaceae Leaves linear, often spongy with air canals Inflorescences of densely clustered flowers appearing to be elongate/cylindrical spikes or clusters Flowers unisexual, wind dispersed –1-6 reduced tepals, even bract or scale-like –Stamens 1-8 in staminate flowers –3 fused carpels, with only one functional, axil placentation, with 1 locule and 1 ovule Fruit a drupe or follicle

6. Typhaceae

7. Typha Sparganium

8. Bromeliaceae Bromeliad family, tropical to warm temperate mostly in the Americas Includes pineapple, spanish moss, and many ornamentals 1520 species of often epiphytic herbs

9. Bromeliaceae Synapomorphies: Hairs water absorbing scales, Separate calyx and corolla, Stigmas spirally twisted

10. Bromeliaceae Leaves often form a tank-like basal rosette that holds water Flowers bisexual, radial –3 sepals –3 petals –6 stamens –3 carpels, connate, spirally twisted Fruit a capsule or berry, seeds often winged with tufts of hairs

11. Bromeliaceae

12. Tillandsia (spanish moss) Ananas (pineapple) Bromelia

13. Poales Poaceae Eriocaulaceae Xyridaceae Bromeliaceae Typhaceae Flagellariaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae Mayacaceae Joinvilleaceae Restionaceae

14. Sedges (Cyperaceae) have edges, Rushes (Juncaceae) are round, and Grasses (Poaceae) are hollow all the way to the ground

15. Juncaceae + Cyperaceae Synapomorphies: solid stems, 3-ranked leaves, loss of calcium oxalate crystals, pollen in tetrads

16. Juncaceae Rush family, 400 herbs Common worldwide, temperate or montane, including US Used in basket making and as ornamentals

17. Synapomorphies: none, may not be monophyletic Leaves 3-ranked, round and solid Flowers bisexual –6 tepals, distinct –(3-) 6 stamens, distinct –3 Carpels, connate, ovary superior Fruit a capsule Juncaceae

18. Juncus - 300 species Luzula - 80 species

19. Cyperaceae Sedge family, 4500 herb species Worldwide, often in damp areas Cyperus papyrus used in making paper by ancient Egyptians, many with aromatic, medicinal, or starchy roots.

20. Cyperaceae Synapomorphies: Stems solid and triangular, leaves sheath closed, tetrads of pollen with 3 degenerate, basal placentation, Fruit an achene (nutlet)

21. Cyperaceae Leaves alternate, 3-ranked, with blade and enclosed sheath Flowers bisexual or unisexual subtended by a bract –Tepals lacking or 3-6 scales, bristles or hairs –Stamens 1-3 (-6), distinct –Carpels 2-3, connate, 1 ovule Fruit an achene (nutlet)

22. Cyperaceae

23. Carex - 2000 Cyperus - 600 Fimbristylis - 300

24. Poales Poaceae Eriocaulaceae Xyridaceae Bromeliaceae Typhaceae Flagellariaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae Mayacaceae Joinvilleaceae Restionaceae

25. Joinvilleaceae + Poaceae + Restionaceae + Flagellariaceae Synapomorphies: Two ranked leaves, with sheath around stem, stomates with dumbbell-shaped guard cells, small flowers with 1 ovule per carpel, etc.

26. Poaceae = Gramineae Grass family, 9700 herbs or occasional trees Cosmopolitan in distribution Easily most economically important family: corn, rice, sugar cane, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, etc. > 70% of worlds farmland and > 50% of human calorie intake

27. Poaceae = Gramineae Synapomorphies: Florets with 3 separate bracts: glume- lemma-palea, Fruit a grain, Embryo with a highly modified cotyledon

28. Glumes= bract found at the base Palea= internal bract Lemma= external

30. Poaceae = Gramineae Leaves 2-ranked with a sheath, ligule, and blade, sheaths tightly encircling the stem, margins overlapping but not fused Flowers as florets arranged in spikelets. Subtended by 3 sets of bracts –No tepals or very reduced (lodicules) –(1-) 3 (-6-numerous) stamens, anthers with arrow shaped base –3 fused Carpels, appearing as 2, often “feathery” Fruit a grain

32. Poaceae

34. Bambusoideae s.s. Tropical woody and herbaceous plants Includes bamboo (up to 40 m tall) Bambusa (120)Phyllostachys (45) Arundinaria (50)

35. Ehrhartoideae Fairly widespread, some aquatic or wetland herbs Includes Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Zizania aquatica (NA wild rice) Oryza Zizania

36. Pooideae Many cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley, rye, etc.) Also turf grasses, pasture grasses, blue grasses Triticum aestivum Wheat Avena sativa Oats Hordeum vulgare Barley

37. Chloridoideae Almost all undergo C4 photosynthesis, live in arid climates Southern Hemisphere distribution Eragrostis SporobolusSpartina

38. Panicoideae Distinctive spikelets, not breaking into separate florets at maturity Includes suger cane, corn, etc. SaccharumAndropogon Zea mays