1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

2. Epithelium
Connective tissue
Pay attention to the differences b/w Epi & CT

3. 一、CHARACTERISTICS： Small number of cell
large amount of intercellular matrix
Cell: separate and no polarity
Intercellular matrix: fibers + ground substance + tissue fluid
Filled with B.V., L.V., & N.
Function: support, connect, nourish, defence, and repair etc.

4. 二、CLASSIFICATION Connective tissue proper: Loose C.T. Dense C.T.
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue
Cartilage and bone
Blood and Lymph

5. 三、LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
I. Characteristics：
Small number of cell & large number of cell category
small number of fibers & great amount of ground substance
Sponge-like structure (areolar tissue)
Distributed b/w cells, tissues and organs.

6. II. Cells Fixed cells: fibroblasts fat cells undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells
Wandering cells:
macrophages
plasma cells
mast cells
leukocytes

7. 1、Fibroblasts Structure: Nu: Cytoplasm: EM： rich in rER & r.,
F.b.
Structure:
Nu:
Cytoplasm:
EM：
rich in rER
& r.,
developed
G.l.

8. * Fibrocytes: Function：
F.b.
F.C.
Function：
Synthesize & secrete collagenous pro. & elastic pro. （to form collagenous f., elastic f. & reticular f. ）; and ground substance (proteoglycan & glycoprotein).

9. 3、Plasma cells Structure:
Nu.:eccentrically，heterochromatin in wheel shape
Cytoplasm: strong basophilic w/ lightly-stained area near Nu.
P.C.

10. immunoglobulin & cellular factors participate in humoral immunity
EM：rich in rER & r.,
developed Gl.
Source:
B lmphocytes
Function:
synthesize
immunoglobulin & cellular factors
participate in
humoral immunity

11. 2、Macrophages（Histocytes）
F.b.
Structure:
Nu.:
Cytoplasm:

12. EM：a large number of Ly., pinosome
& phagosomes, bundles of MT & MF

13. bacterial products etc. Phagocytize
Function:
Mobility
chemotaxis
chemotactic factor:
complement C5a,
bacterial products etc.
Phagocytize
specific:depend on identify factors: Ab, C, Fibronectin etc （the receptors of these factors are on surface of the macrophage）.
non-specific: independently
L.y
p.s. Ag
残余体

14. Capture!

15. antigen presenting molecular:MHCII Ag-MHCII co. macrophage surface
L.y.
p.s. Ag
participate in
immune regulation
capture
process antigen
present
antigen presenting molecular:MHCII
Ag-MHCII co.
macrophage surface
lymphocytes
immune reaction

16. secrete bioactive products
chemotactic factor（for polymorphonuclear leukocytes）
immunosuppressive factor
leukotriene
interleukin(IL)
interferon(INF)
tumorous necrosis factor(TNF) etc.
Source：
the monocytes in blood

17. 4、Mast cells Location & Structure: Nu.: Cytoplasm:
basophilic granules,
metachromatism
M.C.
B.V.
Toluiding blue staining

18. a great number of granules w/ crystals, containing: heparin,
EM：
a great number of granules w/ crystals,
containing:
heparin,
histamine,
leukotriene,
slow-reacting
substance,
eosinophil
chemotactic factors
(ECF-A)

19. Function： allergic reactions anticoagulation attract eosinophil
Ab-R R
degranulation
plasma cell
Ab(Ig E)
Function：
allergic reactions
Ag plasma cell
mast cell Ab(Ig E)
R-Ab
Ag2 degranulation
anticoagulation
attract eosinophil
mast cell

20. degranulation

21. Ag1
Plasma
cell Ab .
R-Ab . . .
Mast cell
Ag2

22. 5、Fat cells (Adipose cells)
Shape:
Nu.:
Cytoplasm:
Function:
synthesize
& store lipid b N
B.V.
Osmic acid
staining
HE staining

23. 6、Undifferentiated cells
Structure:
similar to fibroblasts, smaller
Function: differentiate into various
cell-types in C.T. during injury
repairing
e.g.:

25. 7、Leukocytes
Including: neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes & monocytes
Function:
defence
involve in allergic reaction (see blood chapter) L N

26. III. Fibers: Elastic fibers （yellow f.） Reticular fibers
Collagenous fibers （white f.）
Elastic fibers （yellow f.）
Reticular fibers
（argyrophilic f.）

27. 1、Collagenous fibers Structure: LM: fibrils EM：
fibrils：have periodic cross-bandings at intervals of 64nm
fibrils

28. Collagen fibrils
Collagen fibers

30. Immunohistochemistry staining
Chemicals: collagen type I
collagen type III
type I
type III
Immunohistochemistry staining

31. In Extracellular space: → Tropocollagen ④ → fibrils ⑤ ①
Fibroblast
Synthesize:
In rER ／ GL:
→ Polypeptide
　 　　αchains ①
→ hydroxylated
αchains ②
→ Procollagen ③
In Extracellular space:
→ Tropocollagen ④
→ fibrils ⑤
→ collagenous f. ⑥ ② ③ ④
280x1.4nm ⑤ ⑥

32. 2、Elastic fibers Structure: LM: EM： elastin +
microfibrils (no bandings)
F.B.

34. 3、Reticular fibers Sructure: LM: argyrophilia, PAS(+)
EM: fibrils w/ periodic
cross-bandings at
intervals of 64nm,
typeIII collagen
covered carbohydrate

35. Reticular fibers
in liver
Reticular fibers
in lymph node

36. IV. Ground substance Jelly-like & amorphous substance;
Proteoglycan: in molecular sieve
hyaluronic acid
GAG(glycosaminoglycan) chondroitin sulfate
keratin sulfate etc.
protein: core protein & link protein
glycoprotein： fibronectin (FN)
laminin (LN)
chondronectin (ChN)；

37. Ground substance Side chain subnit hyaluronic acid Collagenous fiber
Intercellular material
Ground substance
Collagenous fiber
hyaluronic acid
Side chain
subnit

38. hyaluronic acid -- link pr.-- side chain subunit subunit: core protein
chondroitin
sulfate
keratin sulfate
Link pr.
molecular sieve:
hyaluronic acid -- link pr.-- side chain subunit
subunit: core protein
+ chondroitin sulfate &
keratin sulfate
tissue fluid: flowing through the sieve pores
Core pr.

39. glycoprotein： fibronectin (FN):
produced by epithelial cells and fibroblasts
play a role in events of identification,
adhesion, migration and proliferation
laminin (LN) :
located in B.M., produced by epi. cells,
function: adhesion the epi.cells and B.M.
chondronectin (ChN):
in cartilage tissue,
fuction: a component of ground substances;
adhesion chondrocyteS and colagen typeII

40. leminin

41. Function:
Tissue fluid nourishes the cells & tissues；
Molecular sieve acts as a barrier: to prevent the spread of bacteria & other microorganisms
*haemolytic streptococci produce hyaluronidase & promote the invasion
Glycoproteins (FN/LN/ChN): identification
/adherence/migration/proliferation etc.

42. 四、 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Characteristics:
Small amount of cells & ground substance，
large number of fibers
Fibers: wide, arranged
densely
Function: connect & support

43. Category: Dense regular C.T. (tendons, cornea, ligment):
dermis
tendons
Lig. nuchae
Category:
Dense regular C.T.
(tendons, cornea, ligment):
parallel c.f. & tendon cells
Dense irregular C.T.
(dermis, sclera): collagenous fibers network & fibroblasts
Elastic tissue
(Lig. Nuchae, Lig. flavum & Large artery ): elastic fibers mainly
Large artery

44. 五、ADIPOSE TISSUE Structure: Loose C.T.+ fat cells (in large
aggregations)
HE: / Osmic acid:
Function:
energy storage,
shock absorber,
insulating layer

45. 六、RETICULAR TISSUE Structure: Reticular cells + reticular f. + G.S.
Reticular cell: stellate, pale nucleus, obvious nucleoli, processes (rich in rER)
Function:
architectural framework
of lymphatic & hemato-
poietic tissues
Lymph node
fibers

46. BYE BYE