1. Reproduction and Development

2. Male Reproductive System
Slide #1
Male Reproductive System
Testes:
- Male gonads
- Produce sperm
- produce testosterone
- sexual maturity
- secondary sex characteristics
(body hair, muscle mass, deeper voice)
Puberty: maturity of male reproductive system
(betweens ages of 12-18)

3. - storage area for sperm
Slide #2
Epididymis:
- storage area for sperm
- sperm matures here

4. - sac containing testes - keeps sperm 1-2’ below body temperature
Slide #3
Scrotum:
- sac containing testes
- keeps sperm 1-2’ below body temperature
muscles keep scrotum at proper distance to
maintain optimum sperm temperature

5. - Transports sperm from testes to
Slide #4
Where have we seen the ureter before?---urinary tract/life process of excretion----what would happen if vas deferens blocked?
Vas Deferens/:
Seminiferous
tubules
- Transports sperm from testes to
urethra (transports sperm out of body)
-Structural adaptation for internal
fertilization
Penis:

6. Semen Sperm are made in the testes Stored in the epididymus
Slide #5
Sperm are made in the testes
Stored in the epididymus
Travels to the Vas Deferens
Mix with semen(fluid)
Exit through the Urethra
Seminal Vesicle
Cowper’s Gland
Why need sugar?---cellular respiration for ATP…..what organelle might be abundant in sperm?
Secretes fluids into urethra
Prostate
nourish sperm (sugar)
protect sperm for acidity of
female reproductive tract
transport medium
Semen

7. Slide #6

8. Vasectomy: What male part is being cut?
Slide #7
Vasectomy:
What male part is being cut?
Reproductive health

9. Female Reproductive System
Slide #8
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries:
- produce eggs
at birth contains all eggs in immature form
in follicles
- releases approximately 1 egg per 28days
- produces estrogen and progesterone
Hormones that:
- mature egg
- prepare female body for pregnancy
- secondary sex characteristics

10. - sucks in egg at the end of oviduct near the ovary
Slide #9
Oviducts:
(fallopian tubes)
- sucks in egg at the end of oviduct near the ovary
- location of fertilization

11. - embryo implants and develops here
Slide #10
Uterus:
(womb)
- muscular organ
- embryo implants and develops here
- placenta develops in uterine wall

12. - muscular tube, newborn exit
Slide #11
Vagina:
Vagina is acidic, uterus is neutral
(birth canal)
- receptacle for sperm
- muscular tube, newborn exit
Cervix:
- Separates vagina and uterus

13. Creatively describe the path a sperm takes to
Slide #12
Creatively describe the path a sperm takes to
reach an egg
Check to make sure you include the following:
Gonad Ovaries
Testes Egg
Epididymis Oviduct
Semen Vagina
Sperm Uterus
Vas deferens Cervix
Urethra
Prostate

14. Menstrual Cycle (28 day cycle) Puberty: beginning of menstrual Cycle
Slide #13
Menstrual Cycle
(28 day cycle)
Puberty:
beginning of menstrual Cycle
(between ages of )
Pregnancy:
temporarily stops
Menopause:
permanently stops
(ages 45-50)
Stages:
1) Follicle Stage
2) Ovulation
3) Corpus Luteum Stage
4) Menstruation

15. Concepts Involves three glands: Involves many hormones including:
Slide #14
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Testis/Ovaries
Body Tissue
Involves three glands:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Ovaries
Involves many hormones including:
FSH and LH
Estrogen and Progesterone

16. Slide #15
The phases
Follicular phase- FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland which stimulates an egg to mature in the follicle. This maturation causes the follicle to release estrogen which stimulates the uterus to thicken (10-14 days)
Ovulation- LH released from pituitary causes matured egg to be released from follicle into oviduct (0 days)
Luteal phase-LH causes the creation of the corpus luteum,which will maintain the pregnancy. The corpus luteum will produce progesterone which further thickens the uterine lining. (10-12 days)
Menstruation- If egg not fertilized, progesterone levels decrease and the uterine lining is shed. (3-5 days)
What must target cell have on surface? What body system do the hormones use to find target cell?

17. Slide #16

18. Slide #17
Menstrual Cycle

19. Inside look at the ovary—which hormones are at work?
Slide #18

20. Fertilization Slide #19 Fusion of gametes to produce zygote
In humans this takes place near the top of the oviduct. Hundreds of sperm reach the egg (shown in this photo). When a sperm reaches the ovum cell the two membranes fuse and the sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the ovum. This triggers a series of reactions in the ovum that cause the jelly coat to thicken and harden, preventing any other sperm from entering the ovum. The sperm and egg nuclei then fuse, forming a diploid zygote.
In plants fertilisation takes place in the ovary at the base of the carpel. The haploid male nuclei travel down the pollen tube from the pollen grain on the stigma to the ovules in the ovary. In the ovule two fusions between male and female nuclei take place: one forms the zygote (which will become the embryo) while the other forms the endosperm (which will become the food store in the seed). This double fertilisation is unique to flowering plants

21. In Vitro Fertilization:
Slide #20
Fertilization:
- Fusion of male and female gametes
- occurs in the *oviduct*
if fertilization does not occur in 24 hours after
ovulation...egg disintegrates...menstruation occurs
In Vitro Fertilization:
egg fertilized outside the body and embryo
implanted in uterus

22. http://www. sumanasinc
Slide #21
Artificial Insemination

23. Fraternal Twins Identical Twins - Fertilization of different eggs
Slide #22
Fraternal Twins
- Fertilization of different eggs
Siblings developing at the same
time
Identical Twins
- Fertilization of one egg and sperm
Embryo divides during morula
stage
- Twins have identical chromosomes

24. Multicellular diploid adults (2n = 46)
The human life cycle
Slide #23
Mitosis and development
Multicellular diploid adults (2n = 46)
Diploid zygote (2n = 46) 2n
Meiosis
Fertilization
Egg cell
Sperm cell n
Haploid gametes (n = 23)

25. What process must now happen for embryo to grow?
Slide #24
Egg Cell
Sperm Cell n n
Fertilization 2n
Zygote
What process must now happen for embryo to grow?

26. 1 2 4 8 Cleavage: - Early division of zygote (Mitosis)
Slide #25
Cleavage:
- Early division of zygote
(Mitosis) 1 2
- increases cell number but NOT size
- produces a morula (solid ball of cells) 4 8

27. Blastula: Morula increases in size becoming a hollow ball of cells
Slide #26
Blastula:
Morula increases in size becoming a hollow ball of cells
Implantation of blastula into uterine lining occurs 6-10 days
after fertilization.

28. Slide #27

29. Gastrulation: Process of forming a Gastrula (indented blastula)
Slide #28
Gastrulation:
Process of forming a Gastrula (indented blastula)
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

30. Can you recognize the stages of development?
Slide #29
Can you recognize the stages of development?

31. The Regents Diagram… Sperm and ovum Zygote (fertilized ovum)
Slide #30
Sperm and ovum
Zygote (fertilized ovum)
2-cell stage
4-cell stage
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula

32. Differentiation: Layers become different tissues and organs made up of
Slide #31
Differentiation:
Layers become different tissues and organs made up of
specialized cells
Mesoderm:
Ectoderm:
- epidermis of skin
- muscles and skeleton
- nervous system
- circulatory system
- excretory system
Endoderm:
- reproductive system
Creates specialized cells with specialized functions---mitosisdifferentiationgrowth---single cell zygote to multicellular w/specialized cells---use different parts of genetic info.
- respiratory tract
- digestive tract
- pancreas and liver

33. Slide #32

34. Human fetal development
Slide #33

35. Slide #34

36. Internal Development Placental Mammals
Slide #35
Internal Development
Embryo develops inside female body
- characteristic of mammals
Placental Mammals
placenta: tissue containing mother and embryo
blood vessels (capillaries)
- No direct connection between blood vessels
of mother and embryo
allows for exchange of nutrients, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, waste by diffusion
umbilical cord: attaches embryo to placenta
at uterine wall
(contains 2 arteries and 1 vein)
amniotic fluid: surrounds/protects embryo/fetus

37. An average human pregnancy lasts 40 weeks, divided into trimesters.
Slide #36
An average human pregnancy lasts 40 weeks, divided into trimesters.
Fetus

38. Slide #37
Prenatal Care
Women must be careful when pregnant as substances she ingests or breathes can impact the baby. Most of the fetus’ organs develop before a women is 10 weeks pregnant, and may be damaged if caution is not taken early in pregnancy.
Pregnant women must eat very healthy and
avoid the following risks:
(Effects of FAS on children)
Tobacco (causes low birth weight)
Drugs (causes many deformities)
Alcohol (causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
Regular household chemicals/pesticides
Radiation
Infections
Most harmful early on----most organs still developing
HOW?!?!

39. What type of feedback is this?
Birth
Slide #38
At 40 weeks of pregnancy (38 weeks considered full term)
Babies born at 26 weeks live due to medical technology
During labor, the uterus contracts. Each contraction is stronger than the previous, pushing the baby further down the birth canal. The baby must pass through the cervix, then exit out of the vagina.
Pregnancy-fetal development
What type of feedback is this?

40. External Development Aquatic: Terrestrial: - External Fertilization
Slide #39
External Development
Aquatic:
- External Fertilization
- Yolk is source of food for developing embryo
- Fish and Amphibians
Terrestrial:
- Internal Fertilization
- Eggs have special adaptations
- Birds, many reptiles

41. Slide #40

42. Special Adaptations of Land Egg
Slide #41
Special Adaptations of Land Egg

43. Egg parts Amnion- Fluid filled and surrounds the embryo
Slide #42
Egg parts
Amnion- Fluid filled and surrounds the embryo
Allantois- Stores the waste produced by the embryo
Yolk Sac- Stores nutrient-rich food
Chorion- Regulates O2 going to embryo and CO2 leaving embryo

44. Parental Care # Eggs Ext. Fert. & Ext. Dev. Int. Fert. & Ext. Dev.
Slide #43
# Eggs
Ext. Fert. & Ext. Dev.
MOST
LEAST
Int. Fert. & Ext. Dev.
Int. Fert. & Int. Dev.
LEAST
MOST

45. Gestation: Time of development from fertilization until birth Human
Slide #44
Gestation:
Time of development from fertilization until birth
Human
40 weeks
Gorilla
37 weeks
Dog
61 days
Mouse
19 days
Cat
63 days
Lion
100 days
Tiger
105 days
Rabbit
31 days