1. Reproductive System

2. Male Reproductive Anatomy

3. Supporting structures
Essential organs
testes (2) - one of the pair of male gonads that produce semen; suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cords; descend at 7 months in utero into the scrotum accompanied by an evagination of muscular and connective tissue of the body wall that suspend the testes
Accessory Organs
Genital ducts – send sperm to outside of body
epididymis (2) - where sperm matures and is stored
vasa deferens (2) - The tube connecting the testes with the urethra. The vas deferens is a coiled duct that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and the urethra; this is cut during a vasectomy
ejaculatory duct (2) – formed by joining of vas deferens and seminal vesicle; ends in urethra
urethra
Accessory Glands – produce secretions that nourish, transport and mature sperm
seminal vesicles (2) - pair of pouchlike glands situated on each side of the male urinary bladder that secrete seminal fluid and nourish and promote the movement of spermatozoa through the urethra (60% of semen)
prostate - surrounds the urethra; adds slightly acidic, watery, milky secretion to seminal fluid (30% of semen)
bulbourethral (2) – secretes alkaline fluid (5% of semen)
Supporting structures
scrotum – skin-covered pouch; contains testis, epididymis and lower spermatic cord
penis – contains urethra; penetrating copulatory organ
spermatic cords (2) – enclose seminal ducts, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

5. Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia mitosis Primary spermatocytes meiosis
Secondary spermatocytes
meiosis
Spermatids
Spermatozoa (motile)
epididymis

6. Spermatogenesis

7. Spermatozoa
Head – contains the 23 chromosomes (genetic material) capable of merging with an egg to produce a new individual.
Midpiece – connects the head of the sperm to the tail. It contains many mitochondria that produce ATP. This ATP is used to move the microtubules in the tail and create propulsion for the sperm. Once in the female system, sperm will "swim" for up to 2 days looking for an egg.
Tail - flagellum with microtubules. The microtublues within the tail move past each other and move the tail in a whip-like motion. ATP provided by the midpiece is required for this movement.
Acrosome - covers the upper portion of the head of the sperm. The covering contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg.

8. Male Reproductive Cycle
Organ development in utero; testes descend into scrotum before birth
Reproductive function at puberty
high hormone levels stimulate final stages of development
Sperm production
Spermatogenesis
mitosis meiosis
spermatogonia primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes
meiosis
spermatids spermatozoa (motile)
Sperm
Produced in seminiferous tubules when reach puberty
Spermatids mature to spermatozoa in epididymis
There are about million of those little guys in the average amount of semen produced each time a man ejaculates.
It takes 10 weeks for a single soldier to reach maturity.
Mature sperm can live up to 2 weeks in the epididymis
Healthy males produce about million sperm a day

9. Seminal Fluid (Semen)
Semen only contains about 10% sperm - the rest consists of enzymes, vitamin C, calcium, protein, sodium, zinc, citric acid and fructose sugar.
Produced from 3 glands
1. Seminal vesicle – 60% of seminal fluid produced here; 1yellowish fluid rich in nutrients
2. Prostate – (30%) spongy, secretes milk, alkaline fluid
3. Bulbourethral – (5%) thin, clear mucus that neutralizes pH of urine and lubricates
Healthy males produce about million sperm a day

10. Fertility
Factors:
sperm count
sperm size
sperm shape
sperm motility
Infertility – caused by antibodies some men make against own sperm
Some things that may reduce sperm number and/or quality include:
alcohol, drugs, environmental toxins, including pesticides, smoking cigarettes, health problems, medicines, radiation treatment and chemotherapy for cancer, age
less than 20 million/mL of semen

11. Hypothalamus
GnRH
Pituitary
LH FSH
Testes
Testosterone Sperm
testosterone –develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics
regulate metabolism; known as anabolic hormone
stimulates protein anabolism to promotes bone and muscle growth

12. Female Reproductive Anatomy

13. Essential Organs
Ovaries (2) – female gonads; house ovum (eggs)
Accessory Organs
Internal genitals – ducts or duct structures that extend from ovaries to exterior
fallopian tubes – serve as transport channels for ova and as site of fertilization
uterus
composed of cervix and the body
Three layers
endometrium – where embryo attaches, or what sloughs off
myometrium
peritoneum
located between rectum and bladder
position is altered by age, pregnancy
decreases in size at menopause
vagina
hymen – mucous membrane bordering vagina in young girls
lining lubricates and stimulates penis; receptacle for semen
transports tissue and blood shed during menstruation
External genitals
vulva
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora – protect clitoris
clitoris – sensory receptors
Additional Sex Glands
mammary glands
Perineum – skin-covered region between vaginal orifice and rectum; may be torn during childbirth

15. Reproductive Cycle Ovarian Cycle Menstrual Cycle
Oocytes at birth; meisis halts
menstruation causes meiosis to resume in several oocytes
meiosis halts until fertilization; if not fertilized, cell ruptures and is expelled during ovulation
Menstrual Cycle
Menses
Postmenstrual phase / Follicular phase
Ovulation
Premenstrual phase / Luteal phase

16. Menses days 1-5 of a new cycle endometrial lining sloughs off
Menarche – first menstrual flow
Amenorrhea – lack of menstrual flow

17. Postmenstrual / Follicular phase
time between menses and ovulation (days 6-13)
FSH and LH are released from the brain and travel in the blood to the ovaries.
The hormones stimulate the growth of about eggs in the ovaries each in its own "shell," called a follicle and production of estrogen which changes in appearance, amount and consistency of cervical mucus
High estrogen levels turn off the production of FSH
One follicle in one ovary becomes dominant and continues to mature. Others stop growing and die.
The dominant follicle continues to produce estrogen.

18. Ovulation
day 14; mature follicle ruptures and expels ovum into pelvic cavity
The rise in estrogen from the dominant follicle the amount of LH
Dominant follicle releases its egg from the ovary (ovulation)
Egg is captured by finger-like projections on the end of the fallopian tubes (fimbriae) which sweep the egg into the tube.

19. Premenstrual / Luteal phase
time between ovulation and menses (days 15-28)
The empty follicle develops into a new structure called the corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg to implant.
If intercourse has taken place and a man's sperm has fertilized the egg, the fertilized egg (embryo) will travel through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterus.
If the egg is not fertilized, it passes through the uterus. Not needed to support a pregnancy, the lining of the uterus breaks down and sheds, and the next menstrual period begins

20. Ovarian Follicle Development

22. Female Reproductive Hormones

23. GnRH
FSH – stimulate follicle growth
LH – stimulates growth of corpus luteum which promotes estrogen secretion
Estrogen - female secondary sex characteristics, thickens the endometrium, regulates the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone – increases when pregnant, further thickens endometrium; secreted by corpus luteum
If no fertilization:
-Hormone levels decrease
-corpus luteum breaks down
-no more progesterone
-endometrium sloughs off during menstruation

24. Fertility Birth - approximately 1 million eggs
Puberty - only about 300,000 remain.
300 to 400 will be ovulated during a woman's reproductive lifetime. The eggs continue to degenerate during pregnancy, with the use of birth control pills, and in the presence or absence of regular menstrual cycles.
Factors:
problems with ovulation - Some signs that a woman is not ovulating normally include irregular or absent menstrual periods.
blocked fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or surgery for an ectopic pregnancy
physical problems with the uterus
uterine fibroids
Risk Factors
age - about one third of couples in which the woman is over 35 have fertility problems
stress
poor diet
athletic training
being overweight or underweight
tobacco smoking
alcohol
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
health problems that cause hormonal changes

25. Menopause
most women experience this stage after age 40 and spend a third of their life in this phase.
Stages
Perimenopause
starts years before your period stops
ovaries gradually produce less estrogen
Symptoms during this time include mood swings, hot flashes, and loss of sex drive.
Menopause
occurs when the ovaries no longer produce an egg every month and menstruation stops
estrogen levels low
Postmenopause
lasts years after menopause
continued decrease in estrogen – causes health risks