2. Animal Tissues & Organ Systems

3. Tissues Remember our levels of organization/complexity! Atom  Molecule  Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System Cytology—Study of cells Histology—Study of tissues

4. Tissues Tissue A group of similar cells united to perform a specific function. Groups of cells having a similar structure and function

5. Germ Layers Ectoderm— epidermis, nervous system Endoderm—linings of digestive & respiratory tracts, & associated organs Mesoderm— Skeletal, muscular, circulatory systems

6. Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

7. Epithelial Tissues Line body cavities Line body tubes Form body coverings Form many glands

8. Epithelial Tissues Characteristics Closely packed Tightly connected Polarity Apical surface Basal Surface Avascular Innervated High regeneration

9. Epithelial Tissues Classification Layers Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Shape Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional

10. Epithelial Tissues Simple Squamous Diffusion & filtration Kidneys, air sacs, capillaries Simple Cuboidal Secrete & absorb Kidneys, glands, ovaries

11. Epithelial Tissues Simple Columnar Absorption, secrete mucus & enzymes Cilia on some for propulsion Digestive tract (non-ciliated), bronchi & uterus (ciliated) Pseudostratified Columnar Secretion, ciliated propulsion Respiratory tract, male reproductive

12. Epithelial Tissues Stratified Squamous Protection from abrasion Mouth, vagina, skin

13. Connective Tissues Most abundant Most diverse Extracellular matrix—nonliving substance separating living cells

14. Connective Tissues Loose connective tissue (fibroblasts) Dense connective tissue (fibroblasts) Cartilage (chondrocytes) Bone (osteocytes) Blood (hematopoetic stem cells)

15. Connective Tissues Loose Areolar Connect skin to tissues Superficial coverings of some organs Adipose Energy storage Cushioning Insulation

16. Connective Tissues Dense Irregular—loosely packed Dermis Around blood vessels Part of intestines Regular—densely packed Tendons Ligaments

17. Connective Tissues Cartilage Hyaline Ends of bone Ribs to sternum Elastic External ear Epiglottis

18. Connective Tissues Bone 30% collagen fibers 70% mineral salts Support & protection

19. Connective Tissues Blood 55% plasma Water, proteins, other 45% cells Erythrocytes—red blood cells Oxygen transport Leukocytes—white blood cells Fight infection Clean up debris Thrombocytes—platelets clotting

20. Muscle Tissues Movement Highly vascularized Actin & myosin microfilaments

21. Muscle Tissues Skeletal muscle Multi-nucleated Long, parallel fibers Striations Voluntary contractions

22. Muscle Tissues Cardiac muscle Only in the heart Branched fibers Striations Intercalated discs Involuntary

23. Muscle Tissues Smooth muscle Spindle-shaped fibers No striations Involuntary Blood vessels Walls of hollow organs Gastrointestinal tract

24. Nervous Tissues Central nervous system Brain & spinal cord Peripheral nervous system Fewest cell types Detects, interprets, transmits, responds to stimuli Coordinates, regulates, integrates body activities

25. Nervous Tissues Neurons Dentrites Axons

26. Nervous Tissues Neuroglial cells Support & nourish

27. Tissues to Organs Skin Epithelial—Stratified squamous, simple cuboidal Connective—Adipose, areolar, dense irregular, blood Muscle—Smooth (arrector pili, blood vessels) Nervous

28. Organ Systems