1. Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology dr Iwona Kokorniak (with contribution from dr Jarosław Weckwerth) 25th September 2008

2. 2 English nasals: Voicing All voiced!

3. 3 The nasals /m/ voiced bilabial nasal /n/ voiced alveolar nasal /ŋ/ voiced velar nasal

4. 4 The velar nasal in English bank /bæŋk/ sink /s ɪ ŋk/ bang /bæŋ/ sing /s ɪ ŋ/ but no /k/ or /g/ at the end!!!

5. 5 Oral and nasal stops

6. 6 Velic vs. velar closure

7. 7 Approximants: Articulation The active articulator approaches the passive articulator......but the opening is quite wide......and no friction results

8. 8 The approximants

9. 9 English approximants /l r w j/ wait /we ɪ t/ yes /jes/

10. 10 The approximants /j/ voiced palatal approximant /w/ voiced labio-velar approximant /r/ voiced retroflex approximant /l/ voiced alveolar approximant

11. 11 Eng. approximants – Voicing All voiced!

12. 12 The lateral /l/ Full contact between the tongue tip and the alveolar ridge But air escapes along the sides of the tongue

13. 13 The lateral stop/approximant? Full contact: stop Sides of the tongue approach the palate: approximant

14. 14 The rhotic /r/ Post-alveolar approximant Standard IPA symbol: [ɹ][ɹ][ɹ][ɹ]

15. 15 Retroflex /r/ In some varieties of English, esp. AmEng The tip of the tongue may be curled up Called retroflex /r/ [ ɻ ]

16. 16 Retroflex /r/ [ɹ][ɹ] [ ɻ ]

17. 17 Rhoticity Standard British English, Australian, New Zealand etc. are non-rhotic /r/ pronounced only before a vowel

18. 18 All varieties right /ra ɪ t/ pride /pra ɪ d/ bury /'beri/

19. 19 Non-rhotic varieties car /k ɑː / stored /st ɔː d/ word /w ɜː d/

20. 20 Rhotic varieties Standard American, Canadian, Scottish, Irish, etc. are rhotic /r/ pronounced wherever it’s spelled

21. 21 Semivowels /j w/ Artic. very similar to /i: u:/ But only used before vowels

22. 22 Where /j/ is transcribed young /j ʌ ŋ/ beyond /b ɪˈ j ɒ nd/ AmEng /b ɪˈ j ɑ :nd/

23. 23 Where /w/ is transcribed one / won /w ʌ n/ rewind /r ɪˈ wa ɪ nd/

24. 24 But not after vowels my /ma ɪ / NOT /maj/ how /ha ʊ / NOT /haw/

25. 25 Polish vs. English consonants

26. 26 Polish affricates: Zillions! cech /tsex/ wodza / ˈ v ɔ dza/ cieć /t ɕ et ɕ / dzieci / ˈ d ʑ et ɕ i/

27. 27 Why is it good to know? English /h/ glottal Polish /x/ velar chata /'xata/ Different!!!

28. 28 More Polish fricatives Alveolo-palatal miś /mi ɕ / maź /ma ɕ / ziele / ˈʑ ele/

29. 29 The velar nasal in Polish ręka /'reŋka/ gęgać /'geŋgat ɕ / bąk /b ɔ ŋk/

30. 30 Additional Polish nasal Palatal niania /' ɲ a ɲ a/ koń /k ɔɲ /

31. 31 Compare! VelarPalatal VelarPalatal Eng, PolPol only ŋɲŋɲŋɲŋɲ

32. 32 Polish vs. English consonants - examples