1. 1 Proton Upgrades at Fermilab Robert Zwaska Fermilab March 12, 2007 Midwest Accelerator Physics Collaboration Meeting Indiana University Cyclotron Facility

2. 2 Introduction Potential neutrino experiments at Fermilab; soon: Minerva and NOvA  NOvA requires proton exposure 5-10x that of current experiment (MINOS)  Additionally, studies are always underway on how to use many, many protons more neutrinos, muons, isotopes… Outline Current Fermilab Accelerator Complex  Provides protons for antiproton and neutrino production  About 250 kW (total) @ 120 GeV Programs to improve proton beam power 1.Proton Plan  underway 2.ANU/SNuMI  in planning 3.HINS (proton driver)  in R&D (not covered here…)

3. 3

4. 4 The Main Injector Today (Double) Batch 1 (PBar) Batch 2 Batch 3 Batch 4 Batch 5 Batch 6 Booster Main Injector Provides high power, 120 GeV proton beam  80 kW for antiproton production  180 kW for neutrino production Takes 6 or 7 batches from the 8 GeV Booster @ 15 Hz  4-5 × 10 12 protons per Booster batch Total cycle time ≥ 1.4 s + batches/15 NuMI

5. 5 NuMI Operation Typical beam power of 180 kW Higher beam powers of ~ 270 kW without antiproton production Recent Achievements:  4.05 x 10 13 protons in a pulse (exceeds design intensity)  325 kW beam power

6. 6 New Beam Records 11 batch slip stacking produces > 4 x10 13 protons  Start worrying about the neutrino target Higher intensity comes at lost efficiency  98 -> 90% Hope to get back to 95%  Loss management limits further advancement Collimators, beam cleaning Hope for operational later this year

7. 7 1 st Booster Batch Injected into MI 2 nd Booster Batch Merged bunch train in MI EE  1 st Batch 2 nd Batch Decelerate Accelerate Time Merge two booster batches through RF manipulations Slip-stacking  Doubles the azimuthal charge in the Main Injector  Booster loading time is doubled K. Seiya et. al., PAC2003/5

8. 8  Slip stacking to NuMI in the Main Injector will gradually increase NuMI intensity to 3.7x10 13 protons to NuMI per 2.2 second cycle or about 3x10 20 p/yr. (~320 kW) This will increase by ~30% as protons currently used for pbar production become available. (430 kW)  The Booster rep. rate and efficiency must increase to accommodate this

9. 9 Limits to Proton Intensity Total proton rate from Proton Source (Linac+Booster):  Booster batch size ~4-5E12 protons/batch  Booster repetition rate 15 Hz instantaneous Previous hardware limits: 7.5Hz average (pulsed components)  Beam loss Damage and/or activation of Booster components Above ground radiation  Current performance: near 10 17 protons/hour recently Total protons accelerated in Main Injector:  Maximum Main Injector load Six “slots” for booster batches (3E13) Up to ~11 with slip stacking (4-5E13)  Cycle time: 1.4s + loading time (1/15s per booster batch)

10. 10 ANU / SNuMI ANU: Accelerator and NuMI Upgrades for NOvA  Part of the NOvA project  Tevatron will be shutdown end of 2009 (LHC willing)  Reuse the Recycler Ring for 700 kW  Shorten the repetition time  Same bunch charge in Main Injector 11 or 12 batch slip-stacking SNuMI: Super NuMI  Reuse the Accumulator for 1.2 MW  Momentum stack Increase bunch charge by 50%  Under consideration (not part of NOvA

11. 11 ANU: 700 kW Recycler as an 8 GeV Proton Pre-injector After the Collider program, use the Recycler as a proton pre-injector  Accumulate protons from the Booster while MI is running Save 0.8 s out of 2.2 Recycler momentum aperture is large enough to allow slip-stacking operation in Recycler, for up to 12 Booster batches injected  4.3×10 12 p/batch, 95% slip-stacking efficiency  4.9×10 13 ppp at 120 GeV every 1.333 s  700 kW  Transfer lines (2)  Kickers (many) Injection(twice), extraction, abort, cleaning  Recycler 53 MHz RF System 300 kV, low R/Q design  Recycler instrumentation BPMs, dampers  Main Injector ramp time (power supplies)  Beam Loss Control

12. 12 0.0 s0.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6 s Booster Recycler Injection Orbit Slipping Orbit Main Injector Previous Cycle Next Cycle To NuMI Sample Timeline

13. 13 ANU Scope: Recycler Ring Recycler Ring Modifications Elements removed: Stochastic Cooling Kickers Current Injection Area Recycler Ring Modifications: Electron Cooling Insert removed Recycler Kicker Systems new elements: New Extraction Line New RR30 Straight Recycler Ring Modifications: Current Extraction Area removed Recycler Kicker Systems: New Abort Kickers Recycler ring Modifications: New 53 MHz RF Recycler Ring Modifications Stochastic Cooling Pickups removed Recycler ring Modifications & Kicker Systems: New Injection Area

14. 14 SNuMI: 1.2 MW Momentum stacking in the Accumulator After the Collider, also use the Accumulator as a proton ring  Transfer beam from Booster to Accumulator Booster must be able to run at 15 Hz  Accumulator used for momentum stacking momentum stack 3 Booster batches (4.6×10 12 p/batch) every 200 ms – no need to cog in the Booster when injecting into the Accumulator longitudinal emittance dilution of ~ 20% instead of a factor 3 like in slip-stacking  Box Car stack in the Recycler load in a new Accumulator batch every 200 ms place 6 Accumulator batches sequentially around the Recycler  Load the Main Injector in a single turn  8.2×10 13 ppp in MI every 1.333 s  1.2 MW Requires MI RF upgrade

15. 15 Momentum Stacking Beam is injected, accelerated, and debunched Multiple injections can be brought together  Different momentum beams separated horizontally Beam is accumulated until the momentum aperture of the Main Injector is reached  4 injections shown – 3 planned for SNuMI Other stacking schemes are under consideration

16. 16 Operating Scenarios * NuMI values are given for mixed-mode cycles **

17. 17 Estimating Proton Production Create a set of realistic operational parameters to predict future production  Monitor present accelerators  Extrapolate to future operating modes

18. 18 ANU/SNuMI Schedule Overview: from Steve Holmes talk 1/30/07 R&D Program Goals – Timeframes LIKELY NOvA TIMELINE POSSIBLE SNuMI TIMELINE

19. 19 NOvA- ANU: Integrated Projections Nominal NOvA RUN: 60 x 10 20 protons ANU installations in 2009-10 and 2010-11 Possible SNuMI installation in 2014 (rough estimate)

20. 20 Summary Fermilab proton complex can be upgraded to produce a Neutrino Superbeam  270 kW peak (180 kW ave.) available today  430 kW upgrades are in progress Proton Plan  700 kW ANU upgrade for NOvA (nearing approval…) Slip-stack in 8 GeV Storage ring  1.2 MW SNuMI upgrade (still in early planning) Momentum(?)-stack at 8 GeV  ≥ 2 MW beams are under still under consideration (R&D) HINS / Proton Driver.

21. 21 Proton Upgrades at Fermilab Robert Zwaska Fermilab March 12, 2007 Midwest Accelerator Physics Collaboration Meeting Indiana University Cyclotron Facility