1. –Argyris: there is a systematic discrepancy between what people espouse and how they behave and they are often unaware of it. Results in miscommunication, self-fulfilling prophecies, escalating errors –“Universal human tendency” to organize our lives around four basic values: Remaining in control Winning Suppressing negative feelings Making a rational pursuit of objectives From Teaching Smart People How to Learn

2. Mismatch Or errors Actions Governing Values or Assumptions Single-loop learning Double-loop learning

3. Comments from a recent class Need to learn how to teach effectively and not take certain ideas as facts of the matter. The grading system, while it worked, really punished students that don’t do well on exams. Mandatory attendance at this level is unnecessary. I did not like assigned seating. We are adults not preschoolers; we have working lives and to be graded on attendance is bad. I did like the extra credit – need more. The bias of the teacher would often make it difficult to speak up. An opinion that differed from his would be faced with a disapproving look and sometimes ridicule from the class.

4. Final Thoughts “The gap between knowing and doing is more important than the gap between ignorance and knowing” (Pfeffer & Sutton, 2000). –Change in thinking can lead to a change in behavior –Change in behavior can lead to a change in thinking If you already know it all, you have nothing left to learn.