1. Spring Final Exam Review: Grammar Portion Pennell BHS 2014

2. Section III A: Parts of Speech 0 The sentence you are being asked about looks like this: 1. 2. 3. 4. Most new drivers are very unaware of the dangers that exist on the roads. 0 a. Nound. Adjectiveg. Conjunction 0 b. pronoun e. Verbh. Interjection 0 c. adverb f. Preposition

3. What part of speech is most? 0 Most new drivers are unaware of the dangers that exist on the roads. 0 Normally, students (and other grammarians) would wish to classify most as an indefinite pronoun. In fact, most would be an indefinite pronoun functioning as the subject of the sentence if the words ‘new drivers’ were not included in the sentence. 0 However, the addition of the words ‘new drivers’ shift most into an adjectival function in the sentence. What does this mean? 0 Most no longer functions as a pronoun taking the place of the noun drivers; therefore, most is no longer the subject of the sentence. Most is now functioning as an adjective which describes the noun and subject of the sentence which is drivers. 0 New is just a supplemental adjective describing the noun and subject of the sentence drivers. There is no comma necessary between most and new because the order of the adjectives is essential to the meaning of the sentence. 0 In conclusion, most and new are both adjectives describing the noun drivers in the above sentence.

4. What are the indefinite pronouns? 0 Indefinite Pronouns refer to non-specific persons and things. 0 All, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something 0 Nota Bene: although the word most is sometimes identified as an indefinite pronoun, it is functioning as an adjective in the previous sentence!

5. What part of speech is drivers? 1. 2. 3. 4. Most new drivers are very unaware of the dangers that exist on the roads. 0 a. Nound. Adjectiveg. Conjunction 0 b. pronoun e. Verbh. Interjection 0 c. adverb f. Preposition

6. What part of speech is drivers? 1. 2. 3. 4. Most new drivers are very unaware of the dangers that exist on the roads. 0 As discussed previously in the presentation, drivers is functioning as a noun and as the subject of the sentence. 0 Remember, a noun is a person, place or thing, and a subject is always who or what the sentence is about.

7. What part of speech is very? 1. 2. 3. 4. Most new drivers are very unaware of the dangers that exist on the roads. 0 a. Nound. Adjectiveg. Conjunction 0 b. pronoun e. Verbh. Interjection 0 c. adverb f. Preposition

8. What part of speech is very? 1. 2. 3. 4. Most new drivers are very unaware of the dangers that exist on the roads. 0 a. Nound. Adjectiveg. Conjunction 0 b. pronoun e. Verbh. Interjection 0 c. adverb f. Preposition 0 An adverb is a word that modifies (or describes) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In this instance, very is modifying, or describing, the predicate adjective unaware. Remember that ‘are’ is a linking verb. Two things that may follow a linking verb are either a predicate nominative (a noun which follows a linking verb and renames the subject of the sentence), or a predicate adjective (an adjective which follows a linking verb and modifies or describes the subject of the sentence). 0 Therefore, very is functioning as an adverb in the above sentence because it is describing the predicate adjective unaware.

9. What part of speech is on? 1. 2. 3. 4. Most new drivers are very unaware of the dangers that exist on the roads. 0 a. Nound. Adjectiveg. Conjunction 0 b. pronoun e. Verbh. Interjection 0 c. adverb f. Preposition 0 Remember that prepositions are short words that show relationships between two parts of a sentence: the object of the preposition and another noun in the sentence. The word preposition has the word ‘position’ inside of it. In the above sentence, the preposition on is showing a relationship between the two nouns roads and dangers.

10. What part of speech is it? 5. 6. 7. It takes several years of practice to become an alert and cautious driver. 0 It is functioning as a third person, nominative case pronoun which means it is the subject of the above sentence. Remember that nominative case pronouns can function as subjects and predicate nominatives in sentences. Here, the noun that it (the subject of the sentence) replaces is in the predicate: several years of practice.

11. A Review of the Pronoun Cases we Studied this Year PersonNominativeObjectivePossessive Use nominative case when the personal pronoun is in the subject or the predicate nominative of the sentence Use objective case pronouns when the pronoun is acting as the direct object, object of the preposition, indirect object, or the object of anything else! These pronouns indicate ownership and when the pronoun is in front of a gerund. First/Singular Imemy/mine Second/ Singular you your/yours Third/ Singular she, he, ither, him, ither, hers, his, its First/Plural weusour, ours Third/Plural theythemtheir, theirs

12. What part of speech is takes? 5. 6. 7. It takes several years of practice to become an alert and cautious driver. 0 a. Nound. Adjectiveg. Conjunction 0 b. pronoun e. Verbh. Interjection 0 c. adverb f. Preposition 0 Takes is functioning as an action verb in the present tense. This means that the action in the sentence is occurring right now. 0 A past tense verb indicates that the action in a sentence has already occurred. 0 A future tense verb indicates that the action in the sentence is yet to occur, but will occur later on down the road.

13. What part of speech is and? 5. 6. 7. It takes several years of practice to become an alert and cautious driver. 0 a. Nound. Adjectiveg. Conjunction 0 b. pronoun e. Verbh. Interjection 0 c. adverb f. Preposition 0 And is functioning as a coordinating conjunction in that it is joining the two adjectives ‘alert’ and ‘cautious’ which describe the noun driver.

14. Section III B: Parts of a Sentence Analyze the sentence below. What sentence part is ‘students’? 1. 2. 0 Many students have several options upon graduation. 3. 4. 5. 0 Most students are college-bound. Others join the work force or the military. a. subjectd. indirect objectg. predicate nominative b. linking verbe. action verb c. direct objectf. predicate adjective

15. What sentence part is ‘students’? 1. 2. 0 Many students have several options upon graduation. 3. 4. 5. 0 Most students are college-bound. Others join the work force or the military. a. subjectd. indirect objectg. predicate nominative b. linking verbe. action verb c. direct objectf. predicate adjective Students is the subject of the above sentence. Remember, that the subject of the sentence is who or what the sentence is about. Again we see the indefinite pronoun many functioning as an adjective describing the subject of the sentence which is students.

16. What sentence part is options? 1. 2. 0 Many students have several options upon graduation. 3. 4. 5. 0 Most students are college-bound. Others join the work force or the military. a. subjectd. indirect objectg. predicate nominative b. linking verbe. action verb c. direct objectf. predicate adjective To have is a member of the mixed verbs group. These verbs have more than one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings behave like "Non-Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal Verbs."

17. What sentence part is options? 1. 2. 0 Many students have several options upon graduation. 3. 4. 5. 0 Most students are college-bound. Others join the work force or the military. a. subjectd. indirect objectg. predicate nominative b. linking verbe. action verb c. direct objectf. predicate adjective 0 Mixed Verbs include: 0 to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh... 0 Here we see have indicating possession in that the students have several options. Options answers the question ‘what do the students have’? Therefore, options is the direct object of the verb ‘to have’.

18. What sentence part is are? 1. 2. 0 Many students have several options upon graduation. 3. 4. 5. 0 Most students are college-bound. Others join the work force or the military. a. subjectd. indirect objectg. predicate nominative b. linking verbe. action verb c. direct objectf. predicate adjective 0 Are is functioning as a linking verb. In the above sentence, the verb are links the subject ‘students’ to the predicate adjective college-bound. 0 College-bound is a compound predicate adjective which follows a linking verb and describes the subject of the above sentence ‘students’.

19. What sentence part is join? 1. 2. 0 Many students have several options upon graduation. 3. 4. 5. 0 Most students are college-bound. Others join the work force or the military. a. subjectd. indirect objectg. predicate nominative b. linking verbe. action verb c. direct objectf. predicate adjective 0 Join is functioning as an action verb in the present tense in the above sentence.

20. Part III C: Sentence Types 0 Simple: 1 independent clause and no dependent clause 0 Compound: 2 independent clauses and no dependent clauses 0 Complex: 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Compound-complex: 2 independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Identify the sentence type of the below sentence: 0 Either Mike or I must go pick up Karen at the airport.

21. Part III C: Sentence Types 0 Simple: 1 independent clause and no dependent clause 0 Compound: 2 independent clauses and no dependent clauses 0 Complex: 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Compound-complex: 2 independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Identify the sentence type of the below sentence: 0 Either Mike or I must go pick up Karen at the airport. 0 Because there is one subject (it is compound, but it still functions as a single subject) and one verb, this is a simple sentence.

22. Part III C: Sentence Types 0 Simple: 1 independent clause and no dependent clause 0 Compound: 2 independent clauses and no dependent clauses 0 Complex: 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Compound-complex: 2 independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Identify the sentence type of the below sentence: 0 Sarah completed the assignment last week, but she did not turn it in until today.

23. Part III C: Sentence Types 0 Simple: 1 independent clause and no dependent clause 0 Compound: 2 independent clauses and no dependent clauses 0 Complex: 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Compound-complex: 2 independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Identify the sentence type of the below sentence: 0 Sarah completed the assignment last week, but she did not turn it in until today. 0 Here we have two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction; therefore, we have a compound sentence.

24. Part III C: Sentence Types 0 Simple: 1 independent clause and no dependent clause 0 Compound: 2 independent clauses and no dependent clauses 0 Complex: 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Compound-complex: 2 independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Identify the sentence type of the below sentence: 0 Though the concert was yesterday, Mike went to the arena this morning, and he sat and waited there for 3 hours. 0 Poor Mike. Here we have a dependent clause attached to two independent clauses; the second independent clause has a compound verb (however, it is still categorized as one independent clause). Therefore, we have a compound-complex sentence.

25. Part III C: Sentence Types 0 Simple: 1 independent clause and no dependent clause 0 Compound: 2 independent clauses and no dependent clauses 0 Complex: 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Compound-complex: 2 independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Identify the sentence type of the below sentence: 0 Until this morning, I didn’t realize who that young man was.

26. Part III C: Sentence Types 0 Simple: 1 independent clause and no dependent clause 0 Compound: 2 independent clauses and no dependent clauses 0 Complex: 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Compound-complex: 2 independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses 0 Identify the sentence type of the below sentence: 0 Until this morning, I didn’t realize who that young man was. 0 Okay, here we have a tricky sentence. We begin with a phrase attached to an independent clause which has a dependent noun clause embedded in the sentence as part of the predicate. Therefore, we have one independent and one dependent clause which is a complex sentence.

27. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 The students are leaving for their trip at 8:00. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase

28. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 The students are leaving for their trip at 8:00. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase

29. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 Allison, the conference leader, arrived two hours late. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase

30. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 Allison, the conference leader, arrived two hours late. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase Remember, appositive phrases are phrases that rename another noun in a sentence. Appositives are nouns that rename another noun. Appositives are normally located beside the nouns they modify.

31. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 He had to run quickly in order to win the event. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase

32. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 He had to run quickly in order to win the event. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase Infinitives are made up of to plus a verb: to laugh, to sing, to dance, etc. Infinitive phrases are comprised of an infinitive and all of its modifiers.

33. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 On the way to school, I realized I had forgotten my book at home. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase

34. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 On the way to school, I realized I had forgotten my book at home. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase Prepositions are small words that show relationships between words in a sentence. Many grammar teachers describe prepositions as anything a bird can do to a cloud, or anything a squirrel can do to a tree. Prepositional phrases are comprised of the preposition, any articles or adjectives, and the object of the preposition.

35. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 Running can be a wonderful way to get your heart in shape. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase

36. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 Running can be a wonderful way to get your heart in shape. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase Gerunds are verbs that end in –ing that function as nouns. Gerund phrases are comprised of the gerund, all of its modifiers, and objects.

37. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 The laughing child helped to put everyone in a better mood. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase

38. Part III D: Verbal Phrases 0 Identify what type of phrase is in the below sentence: 0 The laughing child helped to put everyone in a better mood. 0 a. Verb Phrase 0 b. Prepositional Phase 0 c. Infinitive Phrase 0 d. Gerund Phrase 0 e. Participial Phrase 0 f. Appositive Phrase A participle is a verbal that ends in –ing, -ed, or –d and functions as an adjective. A pariticipial phrase is comprised of the participle, its modifiers, and objects.

39. Part III E: Dependent Clauses 0 Identify what type of dependent clause is in the below sentence: 0 Savannah, which is a city in Georgia, is known to be one of the most historic cities in the United States. 0 a. Adjective Clause b. Adverb Clause c. Noun Clause

40. Part III E: Dependent Clauses 0 Identify what type of dependent clause is in the below sentence: 0 Savannah, which is a city in Georgia, is known to be one of the most historic cities in the United States. 0 a. Adjective Clause b. Adverb Clause c. Noun Clause An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun. An adjective clause is a dependent clause which functions as an adjective in a sentence.

41. Part III E: Dependent Clauses 0 Identify what type of dependent clause is in the below sentence: 0 Whoever finds the ring will need to turn it in to the main office. 0 a. Adjective Clause b. Adverb Clause c. Noun Clause

42. Part III E: Dependent Clauses 0 Identify what type of dependent clause is in the below sentence: 0 Whoever finds the ring will need to turn it in to the main office. 0 a. Adjective Clause b. Adverb Clause c. Noun Clause A noun is a person, place, or thing. A noun clause is a dependent clause which functions like a noun in a sentence. Noun clauses can take the place of the subject, predicate nominative, appositive, indirect object, direct object, or object of the preposition.

43. Part III E: Dependent Clauses 0 Identify what type of dependent clause is in the below sentence: 0 We will have to leave now unless someone can arrange another method of transportation for us. 0 a. Adjective Clause b. Adverb Clause c. Noun Clause

44. Part III E: Dependent Clauses 0 Identify what type of dependent clause is in the below sentence: 0 We will have to leave now unless someone can arrange another method of transportation for us. 0 a. Adjective Clause b. Adverb Clause c. Noun Clause Adverbs are words that answer the questions who, where, when, why, and how much. Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverb clauses are dependent clauses that function like adverbs in sentences.