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psychological methods
- Chapter 2 Section 1 Conducting Research-
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Steps of Scientific Research
Form a Question Form a Hypothesis Test the Hypothesis Analyze Results of Test Draw a Conclusion Hypothesis: an educated guess
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Replicated The study must be repeated Repeated …..etc
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Surveys, Samples, & Populations
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The Survey Method section 2
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Surveys Asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular subject The finding are not always accurate.
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I will tell you what you want to hear
Not because of the surveys because of the information people give. Some fear that their info wont be kept confidential.
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Fun with Surveys
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Target population
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Target population The whole group you want to study or describe.
Too many in the target population Study a sample- only a part of the target population
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Individuals are selected by chance from the target population
Random sample Individuals are selected by chance from the target population
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Subgroups in the population are represented proportionally
Stratified Sample Subgroups in the population are represented proportionally
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Volunteer bias People who volunteer to participate in research often because they have more free time or an personal interest in the study.
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about a biased survey
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Methods of Observation section 3
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The test methods IQ tests Personality tests Aptitude tests
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An in depth investigation of an individual or a small group
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Cross method Instead of following a set of individual over a number of years, researcher select a sample that includes people of different ages
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Naturalistic observation
Whether on groomed trails or following a troop through the underbrush, careful record keeping is essential to naturalistic observation.
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Observe behavior in laboratory- controlled environment
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Analyzing Observations
Correlation A measure of how closely one thing is related to another Two types of correlation Positive negative
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Education / Salaries Positive correlation
One goes up so does the other
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Stress / Health Negative correlation
When one goes up the other goes down
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Experimental Method section 4
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Experimental Method Answers questions about cause and effect
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Variables- factors that can vary or change
Independent- factors that researchers manipulate Dependent- depends on the independent variable.
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Experimental groups receive the treatment Control group does not
Experimental groups receive the treatment Control group does not . Every effort is made so all other conditions are held constant
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Placebo- a substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person’s belief in it.
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Single blind studies Participants are unaware of the treatment they are taking
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Double blind study- both participant and experimenters are unaware who has obtained the treatment
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Ethical Issues section 5
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Ethics Are standards for proper and responsible behavior.
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Confidentiality- the records about research participants are kept private.
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Informed Consent Deception
People agree or consent to participate in a research study only after they are given a general overview of the research. At times participates are deceived. In testing a new drug the control group would be deceived by receiving the placebo.
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Animal research
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Is this Ethical? Stem cell research Selling of organs
Using animal for research Genetic engineering
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