1. Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

2. Participant Observation
Means the observer takes part in the situation being studied while carrying out the research.
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

3. Participant Observation
Strengths
Limitations
An emic (within ONE culture) approach…in other words you are living the experience with them
Avoids researcher bias (removes some Hawthorne effect)
A holistic approach
Difficult to record data
Time consuming
Risk of losing objectivity
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

4. Non-Participant Observation
Is where the observer is not part of the situation being studied.
Not usually in a natural setting…the situation could be set up by researcher.
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

5. Non-Participant Observation
Strengths
Limitations
Objective
Easy to record data
Researcher does not interfere with behavior
Reactivity (another word for when the subjects act differently when they know they are observed.)
Ethical concerns
Etic Approach (looking from the outside)
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

6. Naturalistic Observation
Is where the researcher observes behavior that occurs naturally.
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

7. Naturalistic Observation
Strengths
Limitations
High ecological validity.
Allows to study a wide range of behaviors.
Reactivity
No control over variables.
Difficult to establish inter-observer reliability.
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

8. The Observations that we talked about will also be one of the following…

9. Overt Observation
Means the observed group is aware of the presence of the researcher and that their behavior is being observed.
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

10. Overt Observation Strengths Limitations Informed consent is obtained.
Reactivity
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

11. Covert Observation
Means the participants are unaware of the presence of the researcher and they are NOT made aware that their behavior is being observed.
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation

12. Covert Observation Strengths Limitations Prevents reactivity!!!!
Allows study of behaviors that otherwise might not be studied.
Deceived participants
Consent is not obtained
Violates trust
Difficult to record data
Can often be dangerous to researchers
Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observation