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Research Strategies
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Turn to your partner. Why did you sign up for Psych in the first place? Is it because you wanted to learn to analyze your dreams? Or mabey because you wanted to know if your friend had a crush on you.
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We would never fully understand the answers to these questions unless we used research. Have you ever heard of any psychology related research from YV, Radio, Books or the internet?
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Common sense Leaves us unsure of The truth. Research Helps us apply the Principles Appropriately in Different situations. See Table 2.1 pg. 18
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What are the advantages of research over other ways of knowing/learning Information?
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Bias occurs when any factor unfairly increases the likelihood that the researcher will reach a particular conclusion. E.X. if your wearing headphones while studying your not actually learning anything
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Define the following: Confirmation (researcher) bias, Critical thinking and Participant bias.
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Write this down. What is one of the best ways to minimize participant bias?
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Researcher makes no attempt to control the setting.
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Case study – a research technique in which one person in studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principals.
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Genie was an abused child who in 1970 was discovered after having spent most of her 13 year old life in isolation in California.
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Write down three advantages and three disadvantages of using case studies.
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Go online and find a new article about a person that has had either a stroke or Alzheimer's. Write down 3 behaviours that we can deduce from the person with the disease of their brain. This is the foundation of a case study
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Think of how many times it’s useful to know the extent to which two variables are related. 1. Whether or not a student wears headphones. 2. Studying effectiveness.
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See pg. 21 If effectiveness of studying increases when students wear headphones and decreases when students do not wear headphones we can say the two variables are positively correlated.
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But if studying decreases when students wear headphones and increases when they do not the variables are negatively correlated.
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5. What is a correlational study? 6. In your notes, diagram and describe the types of correlation that can exist.
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Read pg. 22 Watch this http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNonyq1y hiE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNonyq1y hiE 6. Why can we not conclude cause-and- effect relationships from correlational data?
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A short questionnaire But you must be sure that the results of your survey are relevant to the large group, known as the population, that interests you. To do this you must draw a random sample of an adequate number of individuals. See fig. 2.4 on pg. 23
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Go to http://psych.hanover.edu/research/exponnet.html http://psych.hanover.edu/research/exponnet.html Find a research survey that you would like to take. Answer the next questions.
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1.Name the study 2. What was the purpose of the study? 3. Was it descriptive, correlational or experimental 4. Describe what it was like to be an online participant. 5. What are three limits and three benefits of conducting online research? 6. How did the researchers employ the proper ethical considerations.
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Read pg. 23 1. Describe the difference between a population and a sample. 2. What is a ‘random sample’ and why is it important that your sample be random? 3. Explain why we should be wary of data obtained from surveys.
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Longitudinal studies follow the same group of individuals for many years. Very expensive and time consuming, but provide rich data. EX following children as they grow up
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Cross sectional – comparing people of different ages at one time. More efficient but greater number of variables to account for. Are children more creative than adults? This could mean that people are less creative as they age. Or with the introduction of technology or headphones.
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Read pg. 23 and 24 11. Define and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal and cross- sectional studies.
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Read pg. 24 12. What is the key advantage of using an experiment?
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Read pg. 24 and 25 Define: a) hypothesis; b) operational definition.
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http://list.moneysense.ca/rankings/best- places-to- live/2012/maps/Default.aspx?sp2=1&d1=a& sc1=0 http://list.moneysense.ca/rankings/best- places-to- live/2012/maps/Default.aspx?sp2=1&d1=a& sc1=0 Best places to live in Canada. How do these researchers operationalize best? Crime, weather, unemployment etc If you don’t agree with the criteria then you would find the conclusions unacceptable.
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The variable that should cause something to happen is the Independent variable IV The variable that should show the effect of the IV (or outcome) is the dependent variable (DV) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utNpSEEy MIU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utNpSEEy MIU
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Read pg. 25 and 26 Differentiate between an independent and dependent variable in an experiment.
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Experiment group will be all students who wear headphones and the control group all students who are not allowed to wear headphones. Experimental group – exposed to treatment (IV) Control group – not exposed to treatment
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Hypothesis Students assigned to wear headphones in study hall will have higher than average grades at the end of the quarter than students banned from wearing headphones.
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Read pg. 26 and 27 – Write this down 1. What is the difference between the experimental group and the control group in an experiment? 3. Define ‘confounding variable’.
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We will collect from every student Shoe size, height, favorite ice cream (Choc, Van or Straw) Analyze individual results Get into random groups. Who is your favorite singer and why? Collect same info Compare data Random assignment helps to limit the effect of individual differences.
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Pg. 26 What is random assignment and why is it important in an experiment?
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What was the confounding variable?
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Double blind procedure and placebo. Blind When one is blind you cannot see the world. In a blind experiment the subjects are unaware if they are in the control or experiment group. In double blind, two different groups of people-the experimenters and the subject are unaware of what group the subjects are in.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSP2OMiF xhg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSP2OMiF xhg
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A nonactive substance of condition that may be administered instead of a drug to see if the drug has an effect beyond the expectations produced by taking it. Usually a sugar pill http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfRVCaA5 o18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfRVCaA5 o18
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Read pg. 28 and 29 Explain how the double blind procedure and placebos help control for confounding variables.
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To determine the statistical significance between variables we must ask ourselves three questions. 1. how big is the difference between the groups? 2. how uniform are the results between two groups? 3. how many participants in each group?
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Describe the role of statistics in the experimental method.
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Replication helps us know that our results apply in a variety of circumstances.
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Read pg. 31-33 1. Summarize the four ethical principles that must guide human research. 2. Explain why researchers sometimes use animals in their research. 3. What guidelines are in place to protect animals used in research?
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Read pg. 34-35 Write down answers to quiz in your book on pg. 36-37 Check your answers.
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MC 1-C, 2-A, 3-A, 4-D,5-C, 6-C, 7-B, 8-D Matching A-(7), B-(1), C-(10), D-(9), E-(2), F-(4), G- (12) Fill in the blank 10-counfounding variable, 11- sample, 12- scientific method, 13-naturalistic observation.
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The primary difference between experiments and correlations is that experiments seek to determine a cause and effect relationship while correlations do not. In both variables are compared yet the conclusions that are drawn from each one are different. Correlations describe a relationship between variables and experiments manipulate one variable to coax another variable to occur.
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