0. Introduction to Rotating Machines
PowerPoint Slides
to accompany
Electric Machinery
Sixth Edition
A.E. Fitzgerald
Charles Kingsley, Jr.
Stephen D. Umans
Chapter 4
Introduction to Rotating Machines

1. 4.1 ELEMENTARY CONCEPT Producing voltage in the coil
Electromechanical energy conversion occurs when changes in the flux linkages λ resulting from mechanical motion.
Horizontal axis
Magnetic Field
e(t)
Producing voltage in the coil
Rotating the winding in magnetic field
Rotating magnetic field through the winding
Stationary winding and time changing magnetic field (Transformer action)

2. Armature winding: AC current carrying winding
Synchronous machine Armature winding is
Induction machine stator winding (stationary)
DC machine Armature winding is on
the rotor
Field winding: DC current carrying winding
DC machine Field winding is on the stator
Synchronous machine Field winding is on the rotor
Note: Permanent magnets produce DC magnetic flux and are used in the place of field windings in some machines.
VRM (Variable Reluctance Machines) No windings on the rotor
Stepper Motors (non-uniform air-gaps)

3. 4.2 INTRODUCTION TO AC AND DC MACHINES
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4.2 INTRODUCTION TO AC AND DC MACHINES
AC Machines: Synchronous Machines and Induction Machines
Synchronous Machines:
Two-pole, single phase machine
Rotor rotates with a constant speed
Constraction is made such that air-gap flux density is sinusoidal
Sinusoidal flux distribution results with sinusoidal induced voltage
(a) Space distribution of flux density and (b) corresponding waveform of the generated voltage for the single-phase generator.
4-3

4. n: rpm fe: Hz Four-pole, single phase machine
a1,-a1 and a2,-a2 windings connected in series
The generator voltage goes through two complete cycles per revolution of the rotor. The frequency in hertz will be twice the speed in revolutions per second.
n: rpm
fe: Hz

5. Hydroelectric power plant (D. Yıldırım, İTÜ Lecture Notes)

6. giant shaft connecting turbine to generator generator sets
Hydroelectric power plant
generator
turbine
giant shaft connecting turbine to generator
generator sets

7. 715 MW generator
Diameter of rotor:
16 meters
Rotating mass:
2650 ton

8. Elementary two-pole cylindrical-rotor field winding.
Field winding is a two-pole distributed winding
Winding distributed in multiple slots and arranged to produce sinusoidal distributed air-gap flux.
Why some synchronous generators have salient-pole rotor while others have cylindirical rotors?
Answer: In salient-pole machines the number of poles can be large therefore they will be able to operate in slow speed to produce 50 Hz voltage.
Elementary two-pole cylindrical-rotor field winding.

9. Schematic views of three-phase generators: (a) two-pole, (b) four-pole, and (c) Y connection of the windings.
Figure 4.12

10. Induction Machines:
The stator winding excited by ac current. The current produces a rotating magnetic field which in turn produces currents in rotor conductors due to induction.
These machines mostly used as motors.
Rotor windings are short circuited (electrically) and frequently have no external connections.
Stator and rotor fluxes rotate in synchronism with each other and that torque is related to the relative displacement between them.
Rotor does not rotate synchronously
Typical induction-motor speed-torque characteristic.
Figure 4.15

11. Typical Induction Motor

12. Windings placed in stator slots

13. Inside View of An Induction Motor

14. DC Machines:
Armature winding on the rotor with current conducted from it by means of carbon brushes
Elementary dc machine with commutator.
Figure 4.17

15. 4.3 MMF OF DISTRIBUTED WINDINGS
(a) Schematic view of flux produced by a concentrated, full-pitch winding in a machine with a uniform air gap. (b) The air-gap mmf produced by current in this winding.
Figure 4.19
Fourier Analysis

16. Winding factor (usually between 0.85 and 0.95)
AC Machines:
The mmf of one phase of a distributed two-pole, three-phase winding with full-pitch coils.
Figure 4.20
Winding factor (usually between 0.85 and 0.95)
Series turns per phase

17. Example 4.1: The phase-a two-pole armature winding of figure below can be considered to consists of 8 Nc-turn full-pitch coils connected in series, with each slot contaning two coils. There are a total of 24 armature slots, and thus each slot is separated by 3600 /24=150. Assume angle θa is measures from the magnetic axis of phase a such that the four slots containing the coil sides labeled a are at 67.50, 82.50, 97.50, and The opposite sides of each coil are thus found in the slots found at , , , and 67.50, respectively. Assume this winding to be carrying current ia.
a) Write an expression for the space-fundamental mmf produced by the two coils whose sides are in the slots at θa= and
b) Write an expression for the space-fundamental mmf produced by the two coils whose sides are in the slots at θa=67.50 and
c) Write an expression for the space-fundamental mmf of the complete armature winding.
d) Determine the winding factor kw for this distributed winding.

18. The air-gap mmf of a distributed winding on the rotor of a round-rotor generator.

19. DC Machines:
Cross section of a two-pole dc machine.

20. (a) Developed sketch of the dc machine (b) mmf wave; (c) equivalent sawtooth mmf wave, its fundamental component, and equivalent rectangular current sheet.
Sawtooth waveform because of restrictions imposed by the commutator.
Peak value of fundamental component

21. (a) Cross section of a four-pole dc machine; (b) development of current sheet and mmf wave.

22. Four Pole Stator of a DC Motor:

23. Rotor of a DC Motor:

25. Parts of a small DC motor

26. 4.4 MAGNETIC FIELDS IN ROTATING MACHINERY
The air-gap mmf and radial component of Hag for a concentrated full-pitch winding.
Distributed winding:

27. Example 4.2: A four-pole synchronous ac generator with a smooth air gap has a distributed rotor winding with 263 series turns, a winding factor of 0.935, and an air gap of length 0.7 mm. Assuming the mmf drop in the electrical steel to be negligible, find the rotor-winding current required to produce a peak, space-fundamental magnetic flux density of 1.6 T in the machine air gap.

28. Machines with non-uniform air gaps.
Structure of typical salient-pole machines: (a) dc machine and (b) salient-pole synchronous machine.

29. Finite-element solution of the magnetic field distribution in a salient-pole dc generator. Field coils excited; no current in armature coils. (General Electric Company.)

30. Colors represent the strength of B.
Flux distribution in a 4-pole salient-pole generator
Colors represent the strength of B.
Blue to Red : The flux density increases

31. 4.5 ROTATING MMF WAVES IN AC MACHINES
Single-phase-winding space-fundamental air-gap mmf: (a) mmf distribution of a single-phase winding at various times; (b) total mmf Fag1 decomposed into two traveling wavesF – and F +; (c) phasor decomposition of Fag1.

32. MMF Wave of a Polyphase Winding
Simplified two-pole three-phase stator winding.

33. Instantaneous phase currents under balanced three-phase conditions.
Figure 4.30

34. The production of a rotating magnetic field by means of three-phase currents.
Figure 4.31

35. Cross-sectional view of an elementary three-phase ac machine.
Figure 4.32

36. Voltage between the brushes in the elementary dc machine of Fig. 4.17.
Figure 4.33

37. Elementary two-pole machine with smooth air gap: (a) winding distribution and (b) schematic representation.
Figure 4.34

38. Simplified two-pole machine: (a) elementary model and (b) vector diagram of mmf waves. Torque is produced by the tendency of the rotor and stator magnetic fields to align. Note that these figures are drawn with sr positive, i.e., with the rotor mmf wave Fr leading that of the stator Fs.
Figure 4.35

39. The mmf and H field of a concentrated full-pitch linear winding.
Figure 4.36

40. Typical open-circuit characteristic and air-gap line.
Figure 4.37

41. Finite-element solution for the flux distribution around a salient pole. (General Electric Company.)
Figure 4.38

42. Flux-density wave corresponding to Fig. 4
Flux-density wave corresponding to Fig with its fundamental and third-harmonic components.
Figure 4.39

43. Three-coil system showing components of mutual and leakage flux produced by current in coil 1.
Figure 4.40

44. Flux created by a single coil side in a slot.
Figure 4.41

45. Problem 4.8: (a) full-pitch coil and (b) fractional-pitch coil.
Figure 4.43

46. Elementary generator for Problem 4.13.
Figure 4.44

47. Elementary cylindrical-rotor, two-phase synchronous machine for Problem 4.22.
Figure 4.45

48. Schematic two-phase, salient-pole synchronous machine for Problem 4.24.
Figure 4.46