1. Bolts and Fasteners
Fasteners are manufactured in a wide range of materials:
common steel
titanium
plastic
and other exotic materials.

3. Bolts are identified by 3 measurements:
Bolt Identification
Bolts are identified by 3 measurements:
Diameter
Measured across the threaded area with a caliper or micrometer.
Length
Measured from the bottom of the head to the end of the shank
Thread Pitch
(Discussed on the next slide)

4. Thread Pitch Thread pitch (English system)
The number of threads per inch
Thread pitch (Metric system)
The distance in millimeters between two adjacent threads

5. Measuring Thread Pitch –
Using a Thread Pitch Guage.

6. A bolt’s grade is a measurement of its Tensile Strength
Bolt Grade Markings
A bolt’s grade is a measurement of its Tensile Strength
U.S.C. (inch) bolts
Radial lines on the head of the bolt correspond to tensile strength.
More lines represent increasing strength.
Count the number of lines and add 2 to determine the grade of the bolt (ex. 3 lines indicates a Grade 5 bolt).

7. A bolt’s grade is a measurement of its Tensile Strength
Bolt Grade Markings
A bolt’s grade is a measurement of its Tensile Strength
Metric bolts
Property class numbers on the head of the bolt correspond to tensile strength and yield strength.
The Property Class is expressed with 2 numbers (ex ).
The 1st number represents the Tensile strength of the bolt (ex. 10 = 1,000 MPa).
The 2nd number represents the percentage rating of the bolt’s Yield strength (ex. 9 = 90% of 1,000 MPa).
Increasing numbers represent increasing strength.

11. USC Bolt Identification Example
An Imperial size bolt that is identified as 3/8" x 2" x 24:
Has a shank diameter of 3/8 inch.
Is 2 inches long from the bottom of the head to the end of the shank.
Has 24 threads per inch.

12. Metric Bolt Identification Example
A metric size bolt that is identified as
6mm x 30mm x 1.00mm:
Has a shank diameter of 6 millimeters.
Is 30 millimeters long from the bottom of the head to the end of the shank.
Has a distance of 1.00 millimeters between its threads.

13. Key Terms Thread Pitch Tensile Strength Yield Strength Torque-To-Yield
In the U.S.C. system, thread pitch is the number of threads per inch (TPI) on a bolt or nut.
In the Metric system, thread pitch is the distance between each thread and is measured in millimeters (mm).
Tensile Strength
The maximum load in tension (pulling apart) which a material can withstand before breaking or fracturing.
Yield Strength
The maximum load at which a material exhibits a specific permanent deformation.
Torque-To-Yield
A bolt that must be tightened to a specific torque and then a specified number of degrees.

14. Torque-To-Yield Bolts
A torque-to-yield bolt must be tightened to its Yield Strength. This means tightening the bolt to a specific torque and then a specified number of degrees (Using a Torque Angle Gauge).
Some Head Bolts are Torque-To-Yield Bolts

15. Unified Thread Standard
The Unified Thread Standard defines a standard thread form and series used commonly in the United States and Canada.
Example:
UNC – Unified National Course Thread
UNF – Unified National Fine Thread
A 3/8” UNC bolt has 16 Threads Per Inch
A 3/8” UNF bolt has 24 Threads Per Inch

16. Unified Thread Standard
Other UTS designations include:
UNEF – Unified National Extra Fine
UNPT – Unified National Pipe Thread (used commonly in plumbing and other areas where the threads are used to seal off a liquid)
Oil Drain Plug
Pinion Nut
Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
Other pipe like things

17. Thread Sealers and Lockers
Thread Locker
Thread sealers prevent leaks around bolt threads.
Thread lockers such as Locktite prevent bolts from coming loose due to vibrations.

18. Anti-seize Compound
Anti-seize prevents bolts from getting stuck due to rust and corrosion.

19. Thread Repair
Threads can get damaged on bolts and nuts from excessive use and from misuse.
A Tap & Die set is designed to create or repair threads.

20. Tap & Die
A Tap cuts internal threads.
A Die cuts external threads.

21. Tap & Die Sets
There are 3 common types of Taps used by machinists today:
Bottoming Tap - The tap illustrated at the left of the image has a continuous cutting edge with almost no taper. A bottoming tap is used on holes that already have threads.

22. Tap & Die Sets
Intermediate Tap - The tap illustrated in the middle of the image has tapered cutting edges, which assist in aligning and starting the tap into an untapped hole

23. Tap & Die Sets
Taper Tap - The small tap illustrated at the bottom of the image is similar to a plug tap but has a more pronounced taper to the cutting edges. This feature gives the taper tap a very gradual cutting action that is less aggressive than that of the bottoming tap.

24. Bolt Extraction
Broken bolts have to be removed before the threads can be repaired.
Bolt Extractors are tools designed to remove broken bolts.