1. J OB S ATISFACTION & B URNOUT IN F AST -P ITCH S OFTBALL C OACHES Robin Hardin, Ph.D. University of Tennessee Rebecca Zakrajsek, Ph.D. University of Tennessee

2. Job Satisfaction A positive emotional response following an employee’s job expectations being met or exceeded (McChesney, 2005). Nine Dimensions of Job Satisfaction (Spector, 1994) Job Satisfaction FactorDescription PayPay & Remuneration PromotionAdvancement Opportunities SupervisionImmediate Supervisor Fringe BenefitsMonetary & Nonmonetary Contingent RewardsAppreciation & Recognition for Job Performance Operating ConditionsOrganization Policies & Procedures CoworkersPeople Who Work with You in the Organization Nature of WorkThe Actual Duties of the Job Itself CommunicationInformation Flow within the Organization

3. Burnout Reaction to chronic stress that involves a negative interaction between one’s environment and their personal characteristics (McChesney, 2005).  Emotional Exhaustion: Being emotionally overextended and drained of emotional resources (Gomez & Michaelis, 1995).  Depersonalization: Development of cynicism and a dehumanizing attitude towards athletes or patients (Gomez & Michaelis, 1995).  Personal Accomplishment: An individual’s perception of his/her own ability to control his/her own situation (Gomez & Michaelis, 1995).

4. So What? Negative effects of burnout on the coaches’ mental and physical health Negative effects of burnout on coaches’ co- workers, family members and athletes/patients Attrition and job turnover Burnout and Job Satisfaction examined together

5. Research Questions What is the level of job satisfaction in Fast-Pitch Softball Coaches? What is the level of burnout in Fast-Pitch Softball Coaches? What is the relationship between job satisfaction and burnout?

6. METHODOLOGY

7. Subjects IRB Approval Members of National Fast-Pitch Coaches Association (~4300) Recruitment via email – Initial email (cover letter with instructions and link to online survey) – Follow email 1 week after initial contact 326 Respondents (7.6% response rate)

8. Instrumentation Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (22 job related statements) – Emotional Exhaustion - EE (feelings of being exhausted or overextended) 9 questions – Depersonalization - Dp (unfeeling towards work) 5 questions – Personal Accomplishment - PA (feelings of competence or successful achievement) 8 questions – High levels of burnout is reflected by high EE & Dp scores with a low PA score

9. Instrumentation Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) (Spector, 1994) 9 factors of JS (4-items per factor) Summed score for each factor – 4-12 (dissatisfied with job) – 12-16 (ambivalence with job) – 16-24 (satisfied with job) Job Satisfaction FactorDescription PayPay & Remuneration PromotionAdvancement Opportunities SupervisionImmediate Supervisor Fringe BenefitsMonetary & Nonmonetary Contingent RewardsAppreciation & Recognition for Job Performance Operating ConditionsOrganization Policies & Procedures CoworkersPeople Who Work with You in the Organization Nature of WorkThe Actual Duties of the Job Itself CommunicationInformation Flow within the Organization

10. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

11. Mean Scores for the Dimensions of Burnout BurnoutXSDRanking Emotional exhaustion 23.410.5Average Depersonalization 9.64.5Average Personal accomplishment 49.05.5Low

12. Mean Scores for the Dimensions of Job Satisfaction Job SatisfactionXSDRanking Supervision19.64.3Satisfied Coworkers19.93.4Satisfied Fringe benefits15.14.9Ambivalence Communication17.74.9Satisfied Operating conditions14.94.2Ambivalence Contingent rewards16.04.8Ambivalence Nature of work21.52.6Satisfied Pay13.25.6Ambivalence Promotion13.24.5Ambivalence Overall151.1928.59Satisfied

13. Frequency for the Dimensions of Job Satisfaction DimensionsDissatisfiedAmbivalentSatisfied Pay46%24.2%29.8% Promotion43.8%34.6%21.6% Supervision9.5%14.9%75.6% Fringe Benefits29.2%33.3%37.5% Contingent Rewards23.2%29.5%47.3% Operating Conditions28.6%40.6%30.8% Coworkers3.2%15.2%81.6% Nature of work1.0%3.4%95.6% Communications17.8%20.3%61.9% Overall6.7%36.2%63.8%

14. Burnout is prevalent in the area of personal accomplishment Tangible benefits are reflected as ambivalent in Job Satisfaction Working conditions are ambivalent as well.

15. Coaches are working for the love of the game and not necessarily the financial gain but there is some unrest in this area. Low levels of personal accomplishment show the coaches are not getting a sense of fulfillment

16. Which dimensions of job satisfaction are related to burnout? Are any demographic variables related to job satisfaction or burnout? Are sport managers aware of burnout and the impact of it on athletes and co- workers?

18. robh@utk.edu Dr. Robin Hardin raz@utk.edu Dr. Rebecca Zakrajsek