1. Uncertainty in Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS) Products and Measurements Presented by Patrick Selmer Goddard advisor: Dr. Matthew McGill Assisted by John Yorks

2. What is CATS?  Doppler Lidar  Able to derive wind motion  High Spectral Resolution Lidar  Able to collect data on cloud and aerosol height, internal structure, and optical properties  Designed for use on high altitude aircraft (ER- 2 Superpod)  Currently under development at NASA- Goddard

3. What is CATS?  Being developed primarily as a demonstrator for NASA’s Aerosol Cloud Ecosystem (ACE) mission vertical resolution (wind) – 100 m vertical resolution (aerosol ext.) – 150 m horizontal resolution (wind) – 10 seconds (~ 2 km) horizontal resolution (aerosol ext) – 4 seconds (~ 800 m)

4. Objectives 1)Derive equations for the uncertainties on aerosol products 2)Derive equation for the nadir angle in terms of aircraft pitch and roll angles 3)Derive uncertainty equations for variables involving the nadir angle using this new equation 4)Calculate uncertainties using simulated atmospheric data and determine if uncertainties are reasonable

5. Methods Things that are directly measured by CATS Aerosol spectrum, molecular spectrum, doppler shift In addition to these three measurements we also get their uncertainty. This comes from the variance of the photon counts on the detector channels.

6. Methods  Using the aerosol spectrum and a molecular backscatter profile taken from either a rawinsonde or climatology, we can calculate aerosol products... – Transmissivity – Optical Depth – Extinction – Backscatter – Extinction to backscatter ratio (S-Ratio) Objective 1: Derive equations for the uncertainties on aerosol products

7. Methods To calculate the uncertainty on these aerosol products, the propagation of error theorem was used... -S 2 is the variance - x, u, and v are variables Objective 1: Derive equations for the uncertainties on aerosol products

8. Methods Example... * Uncertainty in the aerosol spectrum, molecular spectrum, and the wind (doppler shift) comes from instrument limitations. Objective 1: Derive equations for the uncertainties on aerosol products

9. Methods Source of images: Wikipedia – “Flight Dynamics” Basic Aircraft Flight Dynamics Dizzy? Objective 2: Derive equation for the nadir angle in terms of aircraft pitch and roll angles zaza yaya xaxa Front of aircraft Right wing Z-axis, earth relative Nadir Angle Laser Beam

10. Methods Using Lee et al (1994) as a guide, equation for nadir angle is derived... θ is the nadir angle θ o is the nadir angle when there is no roll, pitch or ζ ζ is the angle from the y a axis in the x a,y a plane that the horizontal component of the laser beam is displaced P is the pitch angle R is the roll angle Objective 2: Derive equation for the nadir angle in terms of aircraft pitch and roll angles

11. Methods θ LOS H Z – Axis (Ground Relative) Objective 3: Derive uncertainty equations for variables involving the nadir angle (θ) using this new equation Again, use propagation of error theorem... It gets ugly...

12. Results Average Percent Error Through Layer Pitch: 0.0 ° Roll: 0.0 ° ζ: 0.0 ° θ o : 45.0 ° Pitch Error: 1.0 ° Roll Error: 1.0 ° ζ Error: 0.1 ° θ o Error: 0.1 ° Inputted Aircraft Parameters θ LOS H Z – Axis (Ground Relative) Values of errors seem reasonable... Objective 4: Calculate uncertainties using simulated atmospheric data and determine if uncertainties are reasonable T tot 2sec θ T a 2sec θ τaτa S-Ratio a Cirrus10.1 22.210.2 Cumulus11.411.514.614.4 Aerosol10.2 40.213.5 Clear10.0 408.8151.8

13. Results Aerosol Layer – No error in zenith Aerosol Layer – Error in zenith Pitch: 0.0 ° Roll: 0.0 ° ζ: 0.0 ° θ o : 45.0 ° Pitch Error: 1.0 ° Roll Error: 1.0 ° ζ Error: 0.1 ° θ o Error: 0.1 °

14. Results Aerosol Layer Inputted Aircraft Parameters Pitch: 2.0 ° Roll: 2.0 ° ζ: 2.0 ° θ o : 45.0 ° Pitch Error: 1.1 ° Roll Error: 1.1 ° ζ Error: 1.1 ° θ o Error: 1.1 ° Pitch: 0.0 ° Roll: 0.0 ° ζ: 0.0 ° θ o : 45.0 ° Pitch Error: 0.0° Roll Error: 0.0 ° ζ Error: 0.0 ° θ o Error: 0.0 ° S avg =5.37 m/s S avg =1.42m/s

15. Summary  Simulated data showed errors of around 14% or less of actual value of S-Ratio  Error induced in horizontal wind measurement by error in aircraft angles can be significant  Much more work to be done  Addition of solar background, noise  Instrument needs more testing  Test flight demonstration in October 2010??

16. Acknowledgements Matt McGill John Yorks Research and Discover: George Hurtt Karen Burnett-Kurie NASA

17. Lee, W., Dodge, P., Marks, F. D., & Hildebrand, P. H. (1994). Notes and Correspondence: Mapping of Airborne Doppler Radar Data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 11, 572-578. Information related to CATS: Matt McGill and John Yorks References