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Unit 3.4 Animal Behaviour and Plant Responses AS 90716 External 4 Credits
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Animal Behaviour and Plant Responses 1.Environment – abiotic and biotic factors 2.Plant Responses 1. orientation (tropisms, nastic responses, taxes) 2.Plant hormones 3.Plant timing 3.Animal behaviour 1.Orientation (homing, migration) 2.timing (annual, daily, lunar, tidal) 4.interspecific relationships (predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, competition for resources) 5.intraspecific relationships (territoriality, cooperative interactions, reproductive behaviours, hierarchical behaviour, competition for resources).
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Abiotic Factors Physical factors of the environment
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Light Intensity colour direction duration Photo-
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Gravity allows organisms to tell “up” from “down” and their orientation in space Geo- ?
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Temperature average range Thermo-
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Water humidity soil moisture speed of current salinity turbidity depth average rainfall Hydro-
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Current many aquatic animals align themselves with the direction of the current Rheo-
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Chemicals inorganic nutrients carbon dioxide & oxygen saltiness and pH poisons macronutrients micronutrients pheromones Chemo-
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Touch response to a solid object Thigmo-
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Sound pitch loudness range
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Pressure important in the ocean high in the air formation of weather patterns
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Wind velocity gustiness direction
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Substrate rock sand mud soil
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Fire can affect germination recycling of minerals
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Some definitions Ecosystem Ecosystem – all living and physical factors in a specified area Habitat Habitat – place / environment in which an organism lives Limiting factor Limiting factor – any variable that limits the activity of an organism or population Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism – assigning human attributes to animals
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Niche Organisms way of life or role in ecosystem o opportunities of habitat o adaptations of organism structural behavioural physiological life history
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Gauses Principle “ No two species with identical niches can co-exist for long in the same place “
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tolerance Optimum Range Optimum Range - preferred environmental conditions Zone of Physiological Stress Zone of Physiological Stress – organism feels stressed and uncomfortable Upper and Lower limits of Tolerance Upper and Lower limits of Tolerance – organism dies - unable to tolerate conditions
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Zone of physiological stress Zone of intolerance Species absent Tolerance Lower limit of tolerance Upper limit Population Low Factor High
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The Environment Abiotic factors Biotic factors Response of organisms to environment Response of organisms to abiotic factors Response of organisms to biotic environment
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Biotic Environment living factors of the environment Intraspecific relationships Intraspecific relationships – within a species Interspecific relationships Interspecific relationships – between species
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Intraspecific Interrelationships competition (for resources) reproduction aggresive (territories, hierarchies) co-operative (group defense / hunting)
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Symbioses Relationship Sp. ASp. B mutualism ++ commensalism +0 neutrality 00 antibiosis (amensalism) 0- exploitation (predation, parasitism, herbivory) +- competition --
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Interspecific Interrelationships competition (for resources) predator/prey plant/animal (grazers, browsers etc) succession (replacement of species over time) stratification (vertical eg forest layers) zonation (horizontal eg shore zones) animal/animal and plant/plant
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