1. A Study on Citizenization of “Peasant Workers” in China Prof. WANG Guixin wanggx@fudan.edu.cn School of Social Development and Public Policy Center for Urban and Regional Studies Fudan University

2. Outline 1. Background: urbanization path and rural-urban migration 2. Citizenization of peasant workers in China 3. Investigation and evaluation on the citizenization of peasant workers in Shanghai 4. Conclusion

3. China is a developing country with a large population. For a rather long time, “hukou” registration system is based on urban-rural dual social system, which has become the unique characteristic in China’s urbanization process. Peasants who’re migrating, working and living in urban society are still called “Peasants workers (or migrant workers in some literature)” as they do not have “hukou” in urban areas. Therefore citizenization of “peasants workers” which means they also have “hukou” in urban is the key step to sign “we have completed the process of urbanization”. China now have 150 million peasant workers in cities. They are in the key stage of urbanization. So survey and research on features of urban peasant workers citizenization and its transformation process will help to promote healthy urbanization development and build a harmonious and well-off society in China. Background

4. 1.1 Concepts peasant workers …Working in non-agriculture industries in urban areas, but their status are still registered as “peasants”. citizenization … The process of changing from peasant to citizen lifestyles of peasant workers after they work and live in urban for a long time. levels of citizenization …The degree of homogeneity between peasant workers and urban citizens. 1. Urbanization path and rural-urban migration in China

5. 1.2 Urbanization in China Concepts and patterns of Traditional urbanization  It results from market economy.  Urbanization is the process that rural population migrate to urban and transform to citizens. The process that rural population migrate and are centralized to urban areas, and change to citizens, means the achievement of urbanization. The agglomeration process and transformation process are simultaneous.

6. Urbanization of rural population in China is still on the 1st and 2nd stages, and it seem to be on the way to citizenization. Fig. 1 Three stages of urbanization in China migrant workers Centralized - formally Citizenization - essentially residing - transitionally degree of citizenization

7. 2. Citizenization of peasant workers in China 2.1 Meaning of citizenization of peasant workers Basic prerequisite for citizenization of peasant workers -- migrate and be centralized in cities. Essential meaning for citizenization of peasant workers -- peasant workers become homogenous, share the equal rights with local citizens and finally get citizenized.

8. (1)Living environment (2)Economic status (3)Social integration (4)Political participation (5)Psychological recognition 2.2 Perspectives of citizenization

9. 3. Investigation and evaluation on the citizenization of peasant workers in Shanghai Based on the project “Research on Shanghai peasant workers Management and Services” hosted by Population Research Institute, Fudan University in 2006.  1026 questionnaires  137 questions each questionnaire

10. First levelSecond levelThird level living environment C=0.5C 1 + 0.5 C 2 Housing condition C 1: C 1 = 0.5 C 11 +0.5 C 12 House type C 11 House improvement C 22 Habitation environment C 2 : C 2 =0.5 C 21 +0.5C 22 satisfaction with living condition C 21 Changes since first time came to Shanghai C 22 Tab. 1 Evaluation of citizenization

11. Economic status ： E=0.5E 1 + 0.5E 2 Relative income: E 1 = min{RE 12 / UE 11,1} Average salary in Shanghai (31371RMB in 2006 ） UE 11 peasant workers’ income in 2006 RE 12 Relative expenditure: E 2 = min{RE 22 / UE 21,1} Average expenditure of Shanghai citizens （ 14762RMB in 2006 ） UE 21 Average expenditure of peasant workers in 2006 RE 22 Tab. 1 Evaluation of citizenization (Cont’d)

12. Social integration S=0.5S 1 + 0.5S 2 relatives in Shanghai S1: S 1 =0.5S 11 +0.5S 12 Relatives living in Shanghai S 11 Got to know any Shanghai natives S 12 Social assistance in Shanghai S 2 : S 2 =0.5S 21 +0.5S 22 The person (s) who would be asked for help in need S 21 Discrimination from Shanghai natives S 22 Tab. 1 Evaluation of citizenization (Cont’d)

13. Political Participation: D=0.5D 1 + 0.5D 2 participation in labor union D 1 ： D 1 =0.5D 11 +0.5D 12 Labor union in working place D 11 Organization of labor union D 12 participation in Party organization D 2 ： D 1 =0.5D 21 +0.5D 22 Party in working place D 21 Party organization D 22 Tab. 1 Evaluation of citizenization (Cont’d)

14. Psychological recognition ： F=0.5F 1 + 0.5F 2 Affection recognition F 1 : F 1 =0.5F 11 +0.5F 12 Affection to Shanghai F 11 The willingness to be a Shanghai citizen F 12 Identity recognition F 2 : F 2 =0.5F 21 +0.5F 22 Psychological identify F 21 Identification compared with Shanghai natives F 22 Tab. 1 Evaluation of citizenization (Cont’d)

15. indicatorsFirst-class indicators degree of citizenization: I= 0.2C+0.2E ＋ 0.2S+0.2D+0.2F living environment C=0.5C 1 +0.5C 2 economic status E=0.5E 1 +0.5E 2 Social integration S=0.5S 1 +0.5S 2 Political Participation D=0.5D 1 +0.5D 2 Psychological recognition F=0.5F 1 +0.5F 2 Tab. 1 Evaluation of citizenization (Cont’d)

16. Tab. 2 Results of the Evaluation Indicators Mean>0.70.5--0.7 ≤ 0.5 Available cases Degree of citizenization I 0.5399.7449.04 41.22576 Living environment C 0.61528.2348.1323.65960 Economic status E 0.54419.4932.3748.13831 Social integration S 0.58223.4638.2138.33814 Political Participation D 0.34812.087.4280.50836 Psychological recognition F 0.56118.8838.1942.93948

17. CitizenizationMaleFemaleTotal ≤0.540.1243.6041.64 0.5 - 0.749.6947.6048.78 >0.710.198.809.58 Total100.00 Tab. 3 Citizenization and gender

18. CitizenizationVillage Village committees in Towns Residence Committee s in Towns UrbanTotal ≤0.546.0143.2630.5125.8141.28 0.5 - 0.748.6746.0755.9351.6148.93 >0.75.3210.6713.5622.589.79 Total100.00 Tab. 4 Citizenization and Hukou status before migration

19. CitizenizationSingle Married (both spouses in Shanghai) Married (with the spouses away) Divorced or widowed Total ≤0.545.9936.7345.6537.5041.34 0.5 - 0.745.5753.8234.7850.0048.76 >0.78.449.4519.5712.509.89 Total100.00 Tab. 5 Citizenization and marriage status

20. Citizenization Less than 1 year 1-2 years2-3 years3-5 years More than 5 years Total ≤0.559.7452.6941.9833.3333.7641.39 0.5 - 0.738.9643.0149.3852.8752.7448.87 >0.71.304.308.6413.7913.509.74 Total100.00 Tab. 6 Citizenization and living time in Shanghai

21. Citizenization Primary School Junior Middle School Senior Middle School UniversityTotal ≤0.556.7648.1338.0313.7941.49 0.5 - 0.740.5447.0151.1755.1748.96 >0.75.414.8510.8031.039.72 Total100.00 Tab. 7 Citizenization and education

22. 4. conclusion The peasant workers are formed inevitably during the current stage of urbanization in China. If the dual-track system based on household registration system has not fundamentally reformed, the presence of urban peasant workers will be unavoidable. But urbanization is a certain trend of human society development. It’s also a certain tendency that current citizenization of urban peasant workers of China's urbanization future development. Moreover, under the central government’s national strategies and developing goals to build a harmonious society and a well-off society, it also must properly resolve hundreds of millions of urban peasant workers’ issues. Therefore, we must follow the development of human society laws, implement the central government’s national strategies to build a harmonious society, and a well-off society, achieve urban peasant workers citizenization, and promote healthy development of urbanization in China.

23. First, we should further promote to reform the dual- track system based on household registration system. As mentioned above, the dual-track system based on the household registration system is the fundamental reason of the formation of peasant workers. Therefore, in order to solve the problems of peasant workers, achieve peasant workers citizenization, and promote healthy development of urbanization, it must gradually reform the dual social system basing on the household registration system. It is the premise and root of resolving the urban peasant worker’s problems and achieving urban peasant workers citizenization, and is also the premise and root of promoting the healthy and normal development of urbanization in China.

24. Secondly, to promote the citizenization process of peasant workers in all-round, especially from the perspective of political participation. In Shanghai, the peasant workers have been “semi-citizenized” after long-standing efforts. But it is clearly not enough, and it is also necessary to further intensify the efforts, to speed up the citizenization process of urban peasant workers. In the comprehensive promotion process of peasant workers citizenization, because of the lowest citizenization level in the political participation, it is particularly necessary to speed up the political participation of urban peasant workers.

25. Third, to coordinate multi departments to jointly promote and accelerate the citizenization process of peasant workers. The citizenization of peasant workers is not just their own affairs. It should be cooperation of all levels of government, especially urban government, and urban citizens. Urban government would no doubt play a vital role in promoting citizenization of peasant workers. Therefore, the government has to shape public supporting policies and measures to promote citizenization of urban peasant workers, at the same time of promoting economic structural reform, such as to establish a unified urban and rural labor market, to implement the fair social security system. Urban residents should also learn to accept peasant workers taking part in the urban population groups. Of course, urban peasant workers should strengthen their own learning, improve their overall quality, to be a good new city resident.

26. Thank you!