1. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

2. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow

3. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

4. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

5. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

6. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

7. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

8. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

9. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

10. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

11. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

12. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

13. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

14. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent

15. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48)

16. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West

17. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West

18. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67)

19. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67) Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further

20. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67) Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further

21. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67) Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further

22. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67) Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople (1204)  Further decline(FC.67)

23. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67) Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople (1204)  Further decline(FC.67) Constantinople finally falls to Turks in 1453 (FC.48)