2. EDO JAPAN: 1603-1868 The Tokugawa Shogunate

3. Feudal Society The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!

4. FeudalismFeudalism Japan: A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan: Shogun Daimyo Samurai Peasant Land - Shoen Protection Loyalty Food

5. Code of Bushido * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity

6. FeudalismFeudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Europe: King Lord Knight Peasant Land - Fief Protection Loyalty Food

7. Code of Chivalry * * Justice * Loyalty * Defense * Courage * Faith * Humility * Nobility * * Justice * Loyalty * Defense * Courage * Faith * Humility * Nobility

8. European knight Samurai Warrior vs. Medieval Warriors

9. Knight’s Armor Samurai Armor vs. Medieval Warriors

10. Zen Buddhism A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China. It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline.

11. 将軍 Shogun : Literally, “military commander” De Facto ruler of Japan Nominally appointed by emperor (emperor is more of a spiritual leader, like the Pope in Europe) Special rights: Controlled the Daimyo with favors and land grants

12. 大名 Daimy ō : powerful landholding elite Direct control of the land and the peasants that lived there

13. 侍 Samurai: Literally, “one who serves” 1/15 of the total population Bound by code of ethics known as bushido Special rights: dai-sho 大小 two swords (large and small) kirisute-gomen 切捨て御免 right to cut down offending commoners without rebuke seppuku 切腹 right to ritual suicide (self-evisceration)

14. Farmers & Peasants: More than 80% of total population Taxed 40-50% of the crops they produced. Forbidden access to all recreation and games other than local festivals. Required to provide labor for public works upon demand (construction of roads, bridges, etc.)

15. Townspeople and Merchants: Lifestyles were strictly governed by laws dictating what they could wear, where they could live, size of home, etc. Major commercial centers emerge. Osaka -- sake, soy sauce, cloth, paper, iron. Kyoto - textiles, pottery.

16. CASTLESCASTLES CASTLESCASTLES

17. Osaka Castle

18. Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

19. Caernorfon Castle, Wales

20. Warwick Castle, England

21. 1453 Portuguese traders and Christian missionaries arrive, strengthening ties with the outside world.

22. Francis Xavier Jesuit missionary Brings Christianity to Japan 1549 17th century Japanese Bible

23. Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa shogunate Grasps power after a decisive battle at Sekigahara on October 21, 1600. By 1603, Ieyasu is granted the title of shogun by the emperor and establishes the Tokugawa shogunate

24. Capital city moves to Ieyasu’s domain of Kanto, capital city established at Edo (modern- day Tokyo)

25. 参勤交代 Impacts of sankin kotai (alternate attendance system): Suppressed possibility of rebellion (wives, children of daimyo remain in Edo as hostages) Economic costs of travel on daimyo ensured lack of funds for rebel armies

26. Sankin kotai (alternate attendance system) 参勤交代

27. Social Changes Once Japan was stable, Tokugawa authorities pushed daimyo and samurai to become bureaucrats and government officials. As they lost their place in society, many of the ruling elite fell into financial difficulty. Their principal income came from rice collected from peasant cultivators. Many of them fell into poverty. Merchants in Japan became increasingly wealthy and prominent. Japanese cities flourished. Rice dealers, pawnbrokers and merchants soon controlled more wealth than the ruling elites.

28. New social roles for samurai during the great Tokugawa peace Teachers of schools of swordsmanship Teachers Poets, scholars, writers Buddhist monks Government posts -- civil administration

29. The Three Entertainments kabuki sumo Yoshiwara pleasure districts

30. Christian Missions In 1549, the Jesuit Francis Xavier traveled to Japan and opened a mission. Several powerful daimyo adopted Christianity and ordered their subjects to do so. By the 1580’s about 150,000 Japanese had converted to Christianity. Tokugawa shoguns restricted European access to Japan for fear Christianity might allow for alliances between daimyo and Europeans. Buddhist and Confucian scholars resented Christian conviction that their faith was the only true faith. Christian converts became frustrated that they could not become priests or play leadership roles in the missions.

31. Anti-Christian Campaign In 1612, shoguns began rigorous enforcement of decrees putting a halt to Christian missions. They tortured and executed European missionaries who refused to leave as well as Japanese Christians who refused to abandon their faith. They often executed victims by crucifixion or burning at the stake. By the late 17 th century, the anti-Christian campaign had claimed tens of thousands of lives.

32. Control of Foreign Relations Shogun fears that Christian Europeans might cause serious problems by making alliances with Christian daimyo and supplying them with weapons.

33. Control of Foreign Relations During the 1630’s, the shoguns: forbade Japanese from going abroad, prohibited the construction of large ships, expelled Europeans from Japan, prohibited foreign merchants from trading in Japanese ports, controlled trade with Asian lands, permitted only small numbers of Chinese and Dutch merchants to trade in Nagasaki.

34. Control of Foreign Relations During the Tokugawa period, Japan carried on a flourishing trade with China, Korea, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands. Dutch merchants brought news of European and larger world affairs.

35. Social and Economic Change Economy actually improves! Increased agricultural production New methods of water control and irrigation Use of fertilize increased rice yields Production of cotton, silk, indigo, and sake increased. Move from subsistence farming to market production.