1. Feudalism and Manorialism

2. Vocabulary Feudalism- Political system of local government based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services. Fief- Grant of land given to a vassal from a lord. Vassal- Person granted land from a lord in return for services. Serf- Peasants who were bound to the land where they worked for a lord.

3. Manorial System Manorialism shaped the economy of much of Europe. For safety and defense, people in the Middle Ages formed small communities around a central lord or master. Most people (lords and serfs) lived on a manor, which consisted of the castle, the church, the village, and the surrounding farm land. These manors were isolated, with occasional visits from peddlers, pilgrims on their way to the Crusades, or soldiers from other fiefdoms. Ideally a manor was located along a stream or river.

4. People who lived on manors needed to produce everything they needed, including food, clothing, and shelter. Items such as iron, salt, wool, wine, and certain manufactured goods, were purchased.

5. Manorial System In return for being able to work the land, the peasants gave the lord some of their crops (taxes) and helped to farm his land. Land was often divided into three large fields for growing grain. Only two of the three fields were planted at one time. The third field could lie fallow, or unplanted, for a season to regain its fertility.

7. Feudal System Feudalism provided social and political structure to the culture of the Middle Ages The king awarded land grants or "fiefs" to his most important nobles, his barons, and his bishops, in return for their contribution of soldiers for the king's armies. The lowest class of society was the peasants, "serfs." In exchange for living and working on his land the lord offered his peasants protection. Nobles divided their land among the lesser nobility, who became their servants or "vassals."

9. By 1100, certain barons had castles and courts that rivaled the king's They could be serious threats if they were not pleased in their dealings with the crown. The medieval church owned vast land and had their own vassals

10. Feudal justice A feudal trial was decided in one of three ways: trial by battle, compurgation, or trial by ordeal. Trial by battle- could be a duel between accuser and accused (or their representatives) in which the outcome determined innocence or guilt. Compurgation- oath taking. The accuser and the accused were supported by people who swore that the person they represented was telling the truth. Similar to character witnesses in today's trials. Trial by ordeal- could the accused survive a particular ordeal. The accused had to carry a piece of hot iron, plunge his hand in a pot of boiling water, or survive extended immersion in cold water. If the accused person's wounds healed quickly and well, he was innocent; if not, he was guilty.

11. Trial by Battle

12. Trial by Ordeal

13. Peasant Life Peasants worked hard labor jobs and were heavily taxed Children were welcomed as a source of farm labor. The peasants were not free They could not leave the manor without permission. They were not allowed to hunt on the lord’s land so they rarely ate meat. Serfs had short life expectancies due to disease, starvation, and frequent warfare.

15. Noble Life Lords assumed the roles of judges in carrying out the laws of the manor. The lord spent most of his day managing and organizing his manor. Marriage was viewed as a way to advance one's fortune and acquire status and land.

16. A castle was a fortified base from which the lord enforced his authority and protected the surrounding countryside. In the early Middle Ages, castles were simple structures made from earth and wood, later they were made from stone. Castles were usually built on hills or other landforms that would prevent easy attack. If a castle was on flat land (difficult to defend) a moat and drawbridge were built

17. Noble Life The keep was the main part of the castle. It was a strong tower that usually contained storerooms, workshops, barracks and the lord's living quarters. A castle's rooms had thick walls and small windows with no glass so they were usually dark and chilly.

18. Role of Women Women's rights regarding legal property were limited. A woman might have had fiefs in her dowry. However, when she married, her husband gained control over her dowry. In most cases a woman regained control of the property in her dowry if her husband died. Women mainly performed household tasks such as cooking, baking bread, sewing, weaving, and spinning. Occasionally they also hunted for food and fought in battles, learning to use weapons to defend their homes and castles.

19. Role of Women Other jobs medieval women might have included merchants, apothecaries, field workers and midwives. Middle or upper class women may have learned writing, playing musical instruments, dancing, and painting. Some women were known as witches, capable of sorcery and healing. Others became nuns and devoted their lives to God and spiritual matters.

20. Role of Women Joan of Arc- French peasant's daughter who heard voices telling her to protect France against the English invasion. She dressed in armor and led her troops to victory in the early fifteenth century. "The Maid of Orleans" as she was known, was later burned as a witch.

21. Warfare Wars were common during the Middle Ages. Most were private fights between feudal lords, or lords and vassals, and were local conflicts but a few were large-scale events involving entire regions For nobles, wars were an opportunity for glory and wealth. For most people of the Middle Ages, however, war was a major cause of suffering and hardship. The church tried to limit the suffering caused by war by prohibiting acts of violence near churches and other holy buildings. The church also forbade violence against cattle and agricultural equipment as well as certain types of persons, including clergy, women, merchants, and pilgrims.

22. Knights in the Middle Ages wore armor in battle and were heavily armed. Armor was made of chain mail—small, interlocking metal links stitched to a knee- length leather shirt. The knight would also wear an iron helmet and carry a sword, a large shield, and a lance.

23. Warfare When gunpowder was invented during the late Middle Ages, overlapping metal plates replaced chain mail. Plate armor was so heavy that knights had to be hauled onto their horses with cranes.

24. Knight Life To become a knight, a boy had to belong to the noble class and had to pass through two stages of training. Page- The first stage began at about the age of seven. The page would learn knightly manners and how to use and care for weapons. Squire- the second stage usually the boy was a teenager. The squire would take care of the knight's horse, armor, and weapons. When ready, the squire would accompany the knight into battle. If the squire proved himself to be a skilled and courageous fighter, he would be knighted in an elaborate religious ceremony.

25. Knight Life A knight's coat of arms identified him A coat of arms was a symbol that represented his personal characteristics. A coat of arms was passed along from one generation to the next.

26. Knight Life Chivalry was a system of rules that dictated knights' behavior towards others. Knights were expected to be courageous in battle and to fight fairly. If a knight used tricks and strategy to overcome an opponent, he was considered a coward. A knight was expected to be loyal to his friends and to keep his word. He was required to treat his conquered foes gallantly. A knight was also expected to be courteous to women and the less powerful. A knight was required to extend courtesy only to people of his own class.