1. Period 4: Global Interactions, c. 1450-1750-20% of test
4.1. Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
4.2. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
4.3. State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

2. Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
Interconnection of western and eastern hemispheres key transformation
Technological innovations-transoceanic voyages (caravels, astrolabe, cartography)
Global circulation of commodities– new regional markets and financial centers
Spread of religion through commerce, as well as migration of peoples
Exchange of germs, flora and fauna

3. Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
Official Chinese maritime activity expanded with Zheng He
Portugal, West Africa, Asia, S. America=Global trading empire
Spain-Columbus, American empire
North Atlantic-fishing and NW passage to Asia
European activity in Oceana did not disrupt traditional trade activity there

4. Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
New Atlantic Trade system
Mercantilism
Capitalism-Joint Stock Companies
Slave Trade
Columbian Exchange
Colonialism in Americas

5. Commodities Silver Sugar Slaves Food (potato, corn) Tobacco
Domesticated Animals
Fur
Coffee beans used first in Yemen and then later in Europe and the Americas
European using chocolate technology from the Aztecs 17th Century

6. Columbian Exchange

7. Columbian Exchange

8. Fur Trade – French British, Native Peoples, Russians

9. Commodities
African slave trade
Notice the primary destinations

10. Dissemination of New ideas
Religion
Christianity
Islam-Afroeurasia, split between Sunni and Shia
Buddhism within Asia
Syncretic-new religions-Vodun, Cults of Saints, Sikhism
Science
Literature and literacy– Candide, Shakespeare

11. Key Concept 4.2: New forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
Still predominately agrarian economy globally, but new methods in crop and field rotation as well as new crops
Increased proto-industrialization, urbanization and commerce (long distance trade)
Challenges to political and social order by peasants and elites, changing status of merchants.
Demographic growth
New forms of coerced and semi-coerced labor
New varieties of ethnic and racial classifications

12. Peasant Labor intensified Coerced Labor
Key Concept 4.2: New forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
Peasant Labor intensified
Siberia
Cotton Textile in India
Silk textile in China
Coerced Labor
Chattel Slavery
Indentured Servitude
Encomiendas
Mita-adapted by Spanish

13. Key Concept 4.2: New forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
New Elites
Manchus in China
Creoles in Spanish America
Urban commercial entrepreneurs in port cities
Power Fluctuations
Nobility of Europe
Japanese daimyo
Gender and family restructuring
New ethnic and racial classifications-Mestizo, Mulatto, Creole

14. Key Concept 4.3: Types and Varieties of Colonialism and Empires
European empires more maritime than territorial (Indian and Atlantic Oceans)
European empires in Americas-settlement
Land-based empires of Ming and Qing China, and the Ottomans– supported by tribute and tax-collection systems and characterized by expansion, incorporation of cultural and religious minorities, and imperial power through art.
Decline in interior West African empires as coastal societies strengthened (trade w/ Euros)

15. Key Concept 4.3: Types and Varieties of Colonialism and Empires
Rulers consolidated and legitimized power
Art-monumental architecture, courtly literature
Religion-divine right of kings, Aztec human sacrifice, Songhay promotion of Islam, Chinese and Confucian rituals
Differential Treatment of ethnic and religious groups-Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims, Manchus toward Chinese
Use of bureaucracy and military-Chinese civil service exam, salaried samurai in Japan
Taxatio

16. Key Concept 4.3: Types and Varieties of Colonialism and Empires
Imperial Authorities used gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade
New trading posts in W. Africa (global trade and affected balance of power in W. Africa)
Enlarged land empires-Manchus, Mughals, Ottomans, Russians
Maritime Empires-Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British
Competition over trade routes, rivalries between states, and local resistance-Piracy in Caribbean, Thirty Years War, Food riots, peasant uprisings,