1. 西方文明史 第九講： 農業、商業發展 劉 慧 教授 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 1

2. 2 Economy 1.1 Manors and banal lords 1.2 Villages and cooperative farming 1.3 11 th -c agricultural revolution --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1 Trade and industry in the early middle ages 2.2 The 11 th -c take-off --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.1 11 th -c towns, old and new 3.2 Town charters 3.3 Guilds

3. 3 1.1 Manors and banal lords Late Roman tenure – Fewer independent peasant-proprietors – Villa: owners/ coloni (peasant-tenants)/ agricultural slaves Early Middle Ages – More independent peasant-proprietors – Manorialism from the 7 th c: bipartite manor 9 th -c polyptych Demesne lands Tributary lands – For serfs; given land use in exchange for labour on the demesne + rent in kind 1000 banal lords:

4. 4 A manor = a unit of landholding and management Lord of a manor – Received free labour service and rent in kind – Without whose permission serfs could not leave the land or marry someone outside – Sometimes had jurisdiction over the peasants – Established profitable monopolies (mill and oven) – Could levy tallage Later allowed commutation of service and rent – imposed arbitrary taxes; exacted surpluses to sell on markets, demanded carting service when few tenants could afford transport costs

5. 5 1.2 Villages and cooperative farming Manor ≠ village. A village = an agricultural partnership Open fields – Ridge and furrow to drain off excessive summer rainfall – 4-8 oxen needed for a plow – Fields divided into strips, easier for the heavy plow to turn around – Common pasturage on fallow land

6. 6 1.3 11 th -c Agricultural Revolution Improvement in technology – Three-field system – Improvements in the use of animal power – Watermill (from 8-9 th c) and windmill (12 th c) Invasions ended More land under cultivation: forest clearance Better weather 800-1300 Some results – Crop yields 1:2 → 1:4 – Famine eased (1315-7), more protein-rich and iron-rich food – Population growth, specialization of production, trade and manufacturing, urban growth

7. 7 The three-field system

8. 8 2.1 Trade and industry Roman era – High quality, low cost, everyday goods, produced and distributed throughout the empire – the state providing for garrisons and bureaucrats? – The state maintaining public order and infrastructure Early Middle Ages – Aristocratic buying-power was the main motor of exchange. Luxuries as ‘surface gloss’ of economic systems – Coinage: fewer types, smaller scale this did not necessarily hinder commercial transactions Silver deniers 8 th -12 th c

9. 9 Terra sigillata

10. 10 2.2 The 11 th -c take-off Local markets Regional markets Cities Venice: trade with Constantinople by late 10 th c – Grain, wine, lumber ↔ salt, glass + silk, luxury goods Genoa and Pisa: 11 th c secured western Mediterranean from the Muslims; 1097- controlled northern part of eastern Mediterranean – Naval warfare + the Muslims’ willingness to trade, once the Christians’ purchase power increased Milan, Florence and other inland towns

11. 11

12. 12 Flanders – Famous for woolen cloth in Roman times – Late 10 th c: trade with the Vikings, carried merchandise down the Rhine – 11 th c imported wool from England – Bruges, Ghent, Lille, Ypres, Arras The Champagne fairs: wholesale markets for merchants from Flanders and northern Italy – From 12 th c, the counts designated dates and places, erected booths, provided police and judges, set up currency-exchange service, and invited all to come – 1280s: direct sea route between Italy and the Low Countries

13. 13 3.1 11 th -c towns, old and new Merchants and craftsmen settled around: – A cathedral in former Roman territories Concentration of people, good transport links – A castle in northern central Europe Safety, transport – Prosperous agricultural villages in central and eastern Europe Produce, wealth, transport No huge metropolises like Constantinople or Baghdad

14. 14 3.2 Town charters Burgh/borough = chartered town or city. Inhabitants: burgesses/burghers ‘Communes’ and the 11 th -c communal movement/ or lords trying to attract new settlers Charters establishing privileges and obligations – Tenurial, jurisdictional, mercantile, financial Burgage tenure: tenants paid rents, not labour service Creating and administering own laws Officials and representative council To hold market, mint coins, collect tolls etc Exemption from gate and road tolls Rights and privileges

15. 15 Seal matrix

16. 16 3.3 Guilds Merchant guilds – Those who negotiated city charters – Not retailers – 12 th -13 th c: techniques of business partnerships, accounting, letters of credit developed Craft guilds – Fellowship of the owner-employer (not labour union) – Served many functions of the village community or the church – Regulating the quality of the products, the equipment, the training of new workers Apprentice 7-14 year olds – journeyman – guild master – Monopoly. Limiting competition. – Negative effect on commerce / self-regulating, industry watchdog

17. 17 頁碼作品授權條件來源 / 作者 5 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / Philip Halling (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ridge_and_furrow_field,_Upper_Quinton_- _geograph.org.uk_-_678825.jpg) ， 2012.05.15 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ridge_and_furrow_field,_Upper_Quinton_- _geograph.org.uk_-_678825.jpg 5 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_Open_Field_System.JPG) ，http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_Open_Field_System.JPG 2012.05.15 visited. 6 Flickr ，作者 RisforRndm (http://www.flickr.com/photos/erinn_jordan/5740799661/) ，http://www.flickr.com/photos/erinn_jordan/5740799661/ 2012.05.15 visited. 7 Xtimeline / Famento, Inc. (http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=396600) ， Creator: Kevin Hill ，http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=396600 瀏覽日期 2012/05/17 。依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。 7 國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉 慧 教授。 版權聲明

18. 18 頁碼作品授權條件來源 / 作者 8 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Gaulish_samian_Dr.30.JPG) ，http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Gaulish_samian_Dr.30.JPG 2012.05.15 visited. 8 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / Linda Spashett (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herne_Bay_Museum_078.jpg) ，http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herne_Bay_Museum_078.jpg 2012.05.15 visited. 8 WIKIPEDIA (http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE% AE%E0%AF%8D:Charlemagne_coin.JPG) ， 2012.05.15 visited.http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE% AE%E0%AF%8D:Charlemagne_coin.JPG 9 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GNM_-_Terra_sigillata.jpg) ，http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GNM_-_Terra_sigillata.jpg 2012.05.15 visited. 9 Flickr / profzucker (http://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/5175051073/) ，http://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/5175051073/ 2012.05.15 visited.

19. 19 頁碼作品授權條件來源 / 作者 9 Project Woruldhord / University of Oxford (http://projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/woruldhord/education/daily_%20life/Pottery%20vessel,%204th- 6th%20century.jpg) ， 2012.05.15 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。http://projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/woruldhord/education/daily_%20life/Pottery%20vessel,%204th- 6th%20century.jpg 9 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RMW_-_Terra_sigillata_3.jpg) ，http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RMW_-_Terra_sigillata_3.jpg 2012.05.15 visited. 9 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_pottery_African_Red_Slip.jpg) ，http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_pottery_African_Red_Slip.jpg 2012.05.15 visited. 9 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Terra_sigillata_(Valladolid,_Spain).jpg) ，http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Terra_sigillata_(Valladolid,_Spain).jpg) 2012.05.15 visited. 9 WIKIPEDIA (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Denier_Charlemagne1.jpg) ，http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Denier_Charlemagne1.jpg 2012.05.15 visited.

20. 20 頁碼作品授權條件來源 / 作者 10 、 12 Aulosinternet / Tangient LLC. (http://aulosinternet.wikispaces.com/Maps) ，http://aulosinternet.wikispaces.com/Maps 2012.05.15 visited. 11 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg) ，http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg 2012.05.15 visited. 13 Flickr / roger4336 (http://www.flickr.com/photos/24736216@N07/6345347088/) ，http://www.flickr.com/photos/24736216@N07/6345347088/ 2012.05.15 visited. 14 Gathering the jewels / The National Library of Wales (http://education.gtj.org.uk/en/blowup1/9491) ，http://education.gtj.org.uk/en/blowup1/9491 2012.05.15 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。 15 Portable Antiquities Scheme / The British Museum (http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/33598) ，http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/33598 2012.05.15 visited.

21. 21 頁碼作品授權條件來源 / 作者 15 Portable Antiquities Scheme / The British Museum (http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/497093) ，http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/497093 2012.05.15 visited. 15 Portable Antiquities Scheme / The British Museum (http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/491700) ，http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/491700 2012.05.15 visited. 16 Renaissance in Art / Jean Bourdichon (http://www.badgerwoodworks.com/2010/12/a-1510-joiners-tool-set/(http://www.badgerwoodworks.com/2010/12/a-1510-joiners-tool-set/) ， 2012.05.15 visited.