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Published byGeorgiana Short Modified over 9 years ago
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Changes in Medieval Society
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1000-1300: ag., trade, & finance made advances towns & cities grew birth of the university
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I. Commercial Revolution Trade almost died out after 400s Manors were self-sufficient Comm. Rev. = expansion of trade & business
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A. Trade Routes Italy = trade center of Euro. Geographic location “Go-betweens” (Venice, Genoa, & Pisa) Crusades helped Italian city-states trade
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Trade revived in N. Euro. Before 1000: Viking traders traveled to Const. 1100s: Flanders (Belgium, Fr., & Netherlands) Trade route meeting point Became textile H.Q. of Euro. (Ghent & Bruges)
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Flanders
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Hamburg, Lubeck, & Bremen (Germany) Important commercial cities on N. & Baltic Seas Formed the Hanseatic League (eventually 100) 1300s & 1400s = powerful commercial influence Trading posts in Flanders, Scandinavia, England, & Russia
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B. Articles of Trade Luxury or “exotic” goods (E. & S.W. Asia) From Asia: Spices, medicines, perfumes, dyes, gems, silk, cotton, linens, textiles, rugs, grain, fruit From Europe: Fur, timber, fish, grain, wine, oil, leather, weapons, glass, wool
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C. Markets & Fairs Merchants needed places to sell goods Fairs: rulers charged sales tax Offered protection (armed guards) Champagne (N.E. Fr.) – laid along major route Held best-known fairs Many kinds of currencies existed (money changers) Entertainment
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D. Manufacturing, Banking, & Investment 1. Manufacturing: Grew out of trade Domestic system (cottage industry) Woolen industry
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2. Banking: “bank” (“banca”) Lending money Rulers, nobles, & merchants had to borrow $ 3. Capital: Wealth earned, saved, & invested to produce profits *MARKET ECONOMY ! PRIVATE OWNERSHIP!
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II. The Growth of Towns 1000-1150: pop. Rose from 30 mill. to 42 mill. Towns grew & flourished Euro. towns (Paris) were tiny compared to Const.
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A. Trade & Towns Grow Towns grew at important locations for trade
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1. Life in Towns Narrow streets filled w/human & animal waste---no sewers Most never bathed Houses lacked fresh air, light, clean water Built of wood (fire hazard) Many people moved to towns (opps.)
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B. The Rights of Townspeople Manorial system faded as towns grew Manufacturing & trade rose Townies wanted control of govt. Lords granted “charters of liberties” Had 4 Basic Rights: 1. Freedom (serfs) “Town air makes you free”—serfdom declined 2. Exempt Status 3. Town Justice 4. Commercial Privileges
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C. The Guilds Merchants united (danger in travel) Convoys Merchant Guild: Gained a monopoly Acted as charitable orgs. Craft Guild: Skilled artisans (manufacturing) Set standards of quality
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Dominated by men Preliminary stages of training: Apprentice Parents paid tuition Lived at home of Master craftsman Lasted 5-9 yrs. Journeyman Skilled artisan who worked for $$$$ Became a Master by submitting a “masterpiece” Master Had own shop
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D. Rise of the Middle Class New class emerged Were known as: Burgesses (England) Bourgeoisie (Fr.) Burghers (Germany) From “burg” or “borough” = “town” Wanted stable & uniform govts.
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III. Revival of Learning Contact w/Muslims & Byz. (Crusades) Had libraries (Greek philosophy) Most scholarship disappeared (fall of Rome)
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A. Muslim Connection 1100s: Christians scholars visited Muslim libraries (Spain) Jewish scholars translated Arabic into Latin Science, philosophy, law, & mathematics Crusaders brought back technology
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B. The University Center of learning = monasteries Schools opened in towns Teachers charged tuition Formed guilds (“universitas” = “assoc. of people”) “university” = people organized w/purpose of teaching & learning
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Early outstanding Universities: Paris & Oxford (Eng.) = theology & liberal arts (Latin, arithematic, geometry, astronomy, & music) Bologna (Italy) = civil & canon law Salerno (Italy) medicine Est. standard courses of study Bachelor of arts (apprenticeship) Master of arts (became teacher)
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IV. The Black Death 1347: plague swept thru Euro. Originated in Asia Spread via trade Types: (caused by fleas on rats) 1. bubonic: infected lymph nodes, swelling, high fever 2. pneumonic: infected lungs, very contagious Wiped out 1/3 of Euro. pop.
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