2.  European population was at its all time high in 1900  1/5 of the world was European at this time  Birth and Death rates leveled off in Europe and grew in other areas (which led to divide between the “developed” and “undeveloped” world  More than 50 million Europeans Migrated away from their continient between 1846-1932  Relieved social and population pressures as well as spread European Culture  Contributed to dominate role Europe plays in the world

3.  Continental Industries caught up with those of Britain toward the end of the 19 th century  Expansion of Railroad systems on the Continent helped spur economic growth and enabled new industries to grow  The Production of Steel, Chemicals, Electricity, and Oil is known as the Second Industrial Revolution

4.  Henry Bessemer’s process for manufacturing Steel (20 minutes to make steel=mass production)  Solway process of alkali production enabled the recovery of more chemical byproducts  The application of electrical energy to production and to homes and transportation  Invention of the internal combustion engine- leads to first automobile

5.  The middle class was that its height in the 60 years prior to WWI  It defined consumer taste and no longer associated with the radical revolutions of the 1840s but desire to protect assets  The middle class grew more diverse as it came to encompass more people  Some were magnates, others entrepreneurs and professionals  Sufficient income for private homes and basic luxuries

6.  Europe became more urbanized as migration to cities continued.  From 1850-1911 urban dwellers grew from 25% to 44% of the population in France  30%-60% of population in Germany  Rural migrants frequently lived in bad social conditions and experienced wide spread discrimination

7.  Cities were redesigned to accommodate changes in urban living.  Central urban areas had always been places to accommodate people of all social classes urban planners transformed central urban areas into business and government centers  Suburbs became popular for both middle and working classes and improved transit eased this transformation  Sanitation improvements were made after cholera epidemics of 1830s-1840s  New water and sewer systems were constructed which lowered morality rate

8.  Women remained second class citizens  Through marriage women lost their individual legal identities and suffered tremendous disadvantages that limited their freedom to work and move from one location to another  During the Second Industrial Revolution jobs available to women expanded and more married women withdrew from workforce  Jobs available to women were low paying jobs that required no training or skill  New cultural ideas connected prosperity with women not working outside the home took root in the middle class

9.  Jews saw gains in political equality and social status in the 19 th century, but changes came slowly  The conditions for Jews improved after revolutions of 1848 especially in western Europe  In France the National Assembly recognized Jews as French citizens in 1789  Joseph II granted roughly equal laws to Jews and Christians in 1782  Traditional prejudices continued in Eastern Europe until WWI  In Russia Jew were treated as foreigners and were restricted in all aspects of their daily lives  Anti-Semitism late 19 th century- critics attributed economic stagnation to Jewish bankers and financial institutions

10.  After 1848 Workers turned to new institutions and ideologies to seek change  Trade Unions emerged in the latter part of the 19 th century  Workers attempted to gain improvement in wages and conditions  Most European Workers did not belong to unions  Unions did help workers through collective bargaining

11.  Universal male suffrage was extended in this era in many countries  Voices of lower-class workers carried more weight  Socialist movements of many kinds emerged throughout Europe  The Organized political party arose at this time  Karl Marx spoke at the first International Working Men’s Association (1864)  A group of Radicals, Socialists, Anarchists, and Polish nationalists were organized by a group of British and French trade unionists

12.  Marxism emerged as a new kind of socialism  Became popular in Germany  In Britain Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs took root  French and German Socialists emerged at this in time in the Socialist Party and German Social Democratic Party  In Russia, Vladimir Lenin merged as a prominent Socialists and the Bolsheviks seized power