1. Georgia Open Meetings Act/ Open Records Act
GAA CONFERENCE
October 24, 2012
Callaway Gardens
Presenter:
Elizabeth Whitworth
Jarrard & Davis, LLP
County Attorney to Forsyth County, Barrow County, & Cherokee County,
& City Attorney to the City of Milton

2. Agenda Open Meeting Compliance Open Records Compliance
Mechanics of a Meeting
Closed Meeting Process
Enforcement Process
Open Records Compliance
Replying to a Request
Dealing with Exemptions

3. Who Must Comply with the Open Meetings Act and Open Records Act?
Agencies must comply with the Sunshine Laws
Open Meetings Act – Definition of “agency”:
Every state department, agency, board, bureau, office, commission, public corporation, and authority;
Every county, municipal corporation, school district, or other political subdivision of this state;
Every department, agency, board, bureau, office, commission, authority, or similar body of each such county, municipal corporation or other political subdivision of the state;
Any nonprofit organization to which there is a direct allocation of tax funds made by the governing body of any agency which constitutes more than 33 1/3 percent of the funds from all sources of such organization (with some exclusions).
O.C.G.A. § (a)(1).
Open Records Act – Definition of “agency”:
Same meaning as in the Open Meetings Act and additionally includes any:
Association, corporation, or other similar organization that has a membership or ownership body composed primarily of counties, municipal corporations, or school districts of this state, their officers, or any combination thereof and derives more than 33 1/3 percent of its general operating budget from payments from such political subdivisions.
O.C.G.A. § (b)(1).

4. Open Meetings Act

5. What is a “Meeting”? O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(A).
Gathering of a quorum of the members of the governing body of an agency at which any official business, policy, or public matter of the agency is formulated, presented discussed or voted upon OR
The gathering of a quorum of any committee of the members of the governing body of an agency or a quorum of any committee created by the governing body at which any official business, policy, or public matter of the committee is formulated, presented, discussed, or voted upon.
Note: The statutory inclusion of a quorum of any committee created by the governing authority constituting a meeting, irrespective of whether the committee has members of the governing body on it, is a significant change in the law.
O.C.G.A. § (a)(3)(A).

6. What is NOT a meeting?
The gathering of a quorum of the members of a governing body or committee for the purpose of:
making inspections of physical facilities or property under the jurisdiction of the agency - where no other official business is discussed or official action is to be taken;
attending a statewide, multijurisdictional, or regional meeting to participate in seminars or courses of training or to receive or discuss information on agency matters - where no official action is to be taken;
meeting with officials of the legislative or executive branches of the state or federal government at state or federal offices – where no official action is to be taken;
traveling to any of the above assemblies – so long as no official business, policy, or public matter is formulated, presented, discussed or voted upon by the quorum;
attending a social, ceremonial, civic, or religious event – where no official business, policy, or public matter is formulated, presented, discussed or voted upon by the quorum.
O.C.G.A. § (a)(3)(B)(i-v).

7. Exemptions from the Act
Incidental conversations unrelated to the business of the agency;
communications among members of an agency; provided, however, that such communications shall be subject to disclosure pursuant to the Open Records Act;
Staff meetings held for investigative purposes under duties imposed by law;
Adoptions and proceedings related thereto;
Gatherings involving an agency and one or more neutral third parties in mediation of a dispute between the agency and any other party. In such a gathering, the neutral party may caucus jointly or independently with the parties to the mediation to facilitate a resolution of the conflict, and any such caucus shall not be subject to the open meetings requirements.
Caveat: Any decision or resolution agreed to by an agency at any such caucus shall not become effective until ratified in a public meeting and the terms of any such decision or resolution are disclosed to the public.
O.C.G.A. § (a).

8. But wait!
The exclusions/exemptions discussed above shall not apply if it is shown that the primary purpose of the gathering or gatherings is to evade or avoid the requirements for conducting a meeting while discussing or conducting official business.
O.C.G.A. § (a)(3)(B).

9. Participation in meetings
Under the rewrite, an agency may conduct a teleconference meeting under the following circumstances:
For emergency conditions involving public safety or the preservation of property;
The public notice requirements must be met;
The public must have simultaneous access to the teleconference meeting.
May a member participate via teleconference or other electronic method where a quorum of the agency is physically assembled?
Under the new law, the answer is clearly yes.
Only may do so if:
(1) away from the jurisdiction, or
(2) necessary for health reasons.
May only do so twice a year, absent an emergency condition or the member having a written opinion by a health care professional that reasons of health prevent the member’s physical attendance.
O.C.G.A. § (g).

10. Making the Public AWARE
For Regular meetings – the following NOTICE is required:
The agency shall prescribe the time, place and dates of regular meetings of the agency.
Such information shall be available to the general public and
A notice containing such information shall be posted at least one week in advance and maintained in a conspicuous place available to the public at (1) the regular place of an agency or committee meeting subject to the Open Meetings Act as well as (2) on the agency’s website, if any.
Note: The law does not prevent the canceling or postponing of any regular meeting.
O.C.G.A. § (d)(1).

11. Making the Public AWARE (cont’d)
NOTICE required for OTHER than Regular meetings:
Written or oral notice shall be given at least 24 hours in advance of the meeting to the legal organ in which notices of sheriff’s sales are published in the county where regular meetings are held – or a paper that has the equivalent circulation of the legal organ.
NOTE: If the legal organ publishes less than 4 times per week, then sufficient notice shall be:
posting of written notice at least 24 hours at the place of regular meeting and
upon written request from media outlets having a place of business in the county, giving notice by telephone, , or facsimile to the media at least 24 hours in advance.
O.C.G.A. § (d)(2).
NOTICE required for OTHER than Regular meetings with LESS THAN 24 hours advance notice:
The touchstone here is “reasonable notice.”
Notice must be reasonable under the circumstances, to include:
(1) notice to the county legal organ or its equivalent,
(2) recording in the minutes the reason necessitating such an emergency meeting,
(3) providing telephonic, facsimile or notification to other media outlets that have a place of business in the County and that have requested such notice within the previous calendar year.
O.C.G.A. § (d)(3).

12. What is Required for an Agenda?
Must produce Written Agenda prior to any meeting
Agenda must provide for all matters expected to be considered.
NOTE: Failure to include an item on agenda does not stop its consideration by the Public Body or committee.
Agenda shall be:
(1) available upon request and
(2) posted at the meeting site
as far in advance of the meeting as reasonably possible, but need not be posted more than two weeks (14 days) prior.
O.C.G.A. § (e)(1).

13. Requirement for Minutes
A summary of the subjects acted on and those members present at a meeting shall be written and made available within two (2) business days of the adjournment.
Public agencies must keep written minutes of all meetings, and must make them available to the public.
The minutes shall, as a minimum, include
Names of the members present.
A description of each motion or other proposal made.
The identity of the person making and seconding the motion or other proposal [new requirement]
A record of all votes. (If unanimous, the law assumes that we know who was at the meeting. However, if the vote is split – and generally in general good practice – identify who was for and against.)
Voting by secret or written ballot is prohibited.
The minutes shall be promptly recorded and be open to public inspection once approved, but not later than immediately following regular meeting.
O.C.G.A. § (e)(2)(A)-(B).

14. Minutes in Executive Session
Previously, minutes were not required for executive session, except in the context of land acquisition.
New rules require minutes of executive session, which must include:
a specification and brief description of each issue discussed;
if attorney client privileged – record the fact that an attorney-client privileged discussion occurred and its subject, but the substance of the discussion need not be recorded or identified;
the legislation is not specific regarding votes – but the preferred rule is to record motions and votes the same as in open session.
Executive session minutes shall not be open to the public but are to be preserved in case of a court challenge.
O.C.G.A. § (e)(2)(C).

15. Executive Sessions O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4.
A governing body of a public agency may hold an executive session (closed meeting) during a regular, special or emergency meeting, when the specific reason for such closure is entered upon the official minutes.
To close a meeting, there must be a vote by a majority of a quorum to close the meeting and the minutes shall reflect:
The names of the members present,
The names of the members that voted to close the meeting, and
The reason for the closure.
O.C.G.A. §

16. Executive Session Affidavit
When an executive session occurs: the person presiding over such meeting – or each member of the governing body of the agency attending if the agency’s policies so provide – shall execute and file a notarized affidavit affirming that the subject matter of the meeting was authorized by pertinent law (affidavits filed with official minutes).
If a discussion occurs in executive session on a topic not authorized by the law, the presiding officer shall declare the discussion out of order and the discussion shall cease. If the discussion continues, the executive session shall be immediately adjourned.
O.C.G.A. §

17. Closed Meetings - “Executive Session” Topics
When consulting and meeting with legal counsel regarding pending or potential litigation, settlement, claims, administrative proceedings, or other judicial action brought or to be brought by or against the agency or any officer or employee or in which the agency or any officer or employee may be directly involved.
A meeting may not be closed for advice/consultation on whether to close a meeting.
O.C.G.A. § (1).
Meetings when any agency is discussing or voting to:
Authorize the settlement of any matter which may be properly discussed in executive session;
Authorize negotiations to purchase, dispose of, or lease property;
Authorize the ordering of an appraisal related to the acquisition or disposal or real estate;
Enter into a contract to purchase, dispose of, or lease property subject to approval in a subsequent public vote;
Enter into an option to purchase, dispose of, or lease real estate subject to approval in a public vote
O.C.G.A. § (b)(1).
Caveat: No vote in executive session to acquire, dispose of, or lease real estate, or to settle litigation, claims or administrative proceedings shall be binding on an agency until a subsequent vote is taken in open session. The mere authorization of negotiations and to secure appraisals have no such requirement.

18. Closed Meetings - “Executive Session” Topics (cont’d)
Personnel matters – meetings when:
discussing or deliberating upon the appointment, employment, compensation, hiring, disciplinary action or dismissal, or periodic evaluation or rating of a public officer or employee OR
[new section] interviewing applicants for the position of executive head of an agency.
Caveat: This exception does not apply to the receipt of evidence or when hearing argument on personnel matters, including whether to impose disciplinary action or dismiss a public officer or employee or when considering or discussing matters of policy regarding the employment or hiring practices of the agency.
Votes on any matter involving personnel issues must be taken in open session with minutes available and otherwise will not be binding.
O.C.G.A. § (b)(2).
Exempt Records – Portions of meetings during which that portion of a record made exempt from public inspection or disclosure pursuant to the Open Records Act is to be considered by an agency and there are no reasonable means by which the agency can consider the record without disclosing the exempt portions if the meeting were not closed.
O.C.G.A. § (b)(4).

19. Enforcement (What tools are available to ensure compliance?)
The superior court has jurisdiction over Open Meetings Act complaints.
The Attorney General may bring a civil or criminal complaint to enforce compliance, as may any citizen, firm, corporation or other entity.
Unless the agency acted with substantial justification, the agency shall be responsible for prevailing party’s attorney fees and litigation costs.
Possible Fines:
Any person knowingly and willfully conducting or participating in a meeting in violation of the Open Meetings Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and face a fine of up to $1,000 per violation.
A civil penalty of up to $1,000 per violation may be assessed when the violation was negligent.
A civil or criminal penalty of up to $2,500 per offense will be imposed for additional violations within a 12 month period from the date that the first penalty was imposed.
O.C.G.A §§ and
-OR-

20. When can an action be brought?
Who Can Be Sued?
The Public Entity
Anyone conducting or participating in the meeting
When can an action be brought?
Any action contesting a resolution, rule, regulation, ordinance, or other formal action of an agency based on an alleged violation of this provision shall be commenced
within 90 days of the date such contested action was taken; or
or, if the meeting was held in a manner not permitted by law, within 90 days from the date the party alleging the violation knew or should have known about the alleged violation so long as such date is not more than six months after the date the contested action was taken.
O.C.G.A § (b) (2).

21. Open Records Act

22. What is a “Public Record?”
Public record means “all documents, papers, letters, maps, books, tapes, photographs, computer based or generated information, data, data fields, or similar material prepared and maintained or received by an agency or by a private person or entity in the performance of a service or function for or on behalf of an agency or when such documents have been transferred to a private person or entity by an agency for storage or future governmental use.”
O.C.G.A. § (b)(2).

23. Both Inspection and Copying are Contemplated
Citizens have the right to both inspect the originals of documents and to copy them.
O.C.G.A § (a).
At the time of inspection, a person is entitled to make copies or other electronic reproductions (i.e., scans) of the records using their own electronic devices.
O.C.G.A § (b)(1)(B).

24. What is the appropriate format of an Open Records Act request?
Format – A request may be made either orally or in writing, to include , facsimile, or by any other method approved by the agency. ( and facsimile delivery are only appropriate if the agency uses and facsimile communications in the ordinary course of business.)
Enforcement provisions in the Open Records Act available only to enforce compliance and punish noncompliance when a written request is made.
Records Officer – However, an agency may (but is not required to) require that all written requests be made upon the agency’s choice of one of the following:
The agency’s director,
The agency’s chairperson,
The agency’s chief executive officer,
The agency’s senior official at any satellite office,
A clerk specifically designated as the custodian of agency records, or
A duly designated open records officer of an agency.
NOTE: The absence or lack of availability of any of the above persons may not delay an agency’s response.
O.C.G.A. § (b).

25. How much detail in the request?
Many times this is not an issue, as the request is sufficiently clear.
If unclear, typically parties requesting records are very willing to provide further clarity.
Where you often see confusion is in requests for electronic records. The new law provides:
Requests for electronic messages ( s, texts, etc.) should contain information about the requested messages that is “reasonably calculated to allow the recipient of the request to locate the messages sought, including, if known, the name, title, or office of the specific person or persons whose electronic messages are sought and, to the extent possible, the specific data bases to be searched.”
O.C.G.A § (g).

26. So Who Replies to the Request?
If the agency has designated a records officer, then that person will respond.
If not, then the custodian of the requested records, or perhaps the county attorney, should respond.
Reviews each request, organizes the documents, and replies to ensure compliance with the law.

27. How Long Does the Agency Have to Respond?
A reasonable amount of time to determine whether or not the records are subject to access and to permit inspection and copying. In no event shall this time exceed three (3) business days.
What if Records are Not Available in 3 Business Days?
Where responsive records exist, and are not exempted, but are not available within three business days of the request, a written description of such records, together with a timetable for their inspection and copying, shall be provided within that period. The records shall then be produced as quickly as practicable.
If some records can be produced immediately but not others, then you produce what you can and identify exemptions for those that are produced.
When the balance of records are retrieved at future date, then within three business days of retrieval you must identify any pertinent statutory exceptions.
O.C.G.A. § (b)(1)(A).

28. What if the Request is Sent to Someone other than the Records Custodian?
If an agency designates a records officer, the three day response period does not begin to run until the request is delivered to that officer.
THIS MAKE SENSE. WHY?
If an open records officer is designated, then the agency has an obligation to instruct a party requesting records of the name of that officer either orally or in writing.
If a records officer is designated, the agency shall also have an obligation to:
notify the legal organ of such designation and
prominently display the records officer on the agency’s website.
O.C.G.A § (b)(1)(A).

29. What if a Private Firm is Holding the Records?
A governmental body cannot prevent the examination or copying of a public record by contracting with a nongovernmental body to perform any of its duties or functions.
Disclosure is required as if received or maintained by or on behalf of such agency, public agency, or public office.
O.C.G.A. § (b)(2).

30. What fees may be assessed by the agency?
Administrative Costs
The agency may impose a reasonable charge for the search, retrieval, redaction, and production or copying costs for the production of records.
An agency must use the most economical means to make records available.
The charge for the search, retrieval, or redaction of records shall not exceed the prorated hourly salary of the lowest paid full-time employee who, in the reasonable discretion of the custodian of records, has the necessary skill and training to perform the request – less the first 15 minutes of time.
Copying Costs
$ .10 per page for letter or legal size documents (this is a reduction from $ .25 per page);
In the event of oversize documents, the actual cost to the agency for copies;
For electronic records, the actual cost of digital media to reproduce the electronic content.
O.C.G.A. § (c).

31. Preretrieval Estimates (Caveat to Response Deadline)
If an agency estimates that the cost to produce responsive records will cost more than $25.00, the agency shall notify the requesting party within three (3) business days of this cost estimate, and the agency may defer its search until the requesting party has confirmed its willingness to pay the estimated cost
– UNLESS –
The requesting party has stated in its request that it agrees on the front end to be responsible for an amount equal to or in excess of the estimated search and retrieval costs.
One FINAL caveat: If the agency estimates that the cost to search and assemble responsive documents will exceed $500.00, the agency may demand advance payment prior to beginning search, retrieval, review or production.
O.C.G.A. § (d).

32. What if the fees are not paid?
Agency may collect any lawfully assessed charges “in any manner authorized by law for the collection of taxes, fees, or assessments by the agency” (regardless of whether the requester inspects/accepts copies of the records)
Agency may require prepayment for compliance with all future requests for production of records from that person until the costs for the prior production of records have been paid or the dispute regarding payment resolved.
O.C.G.A. § (c-d).

33. Special rules in new law
Requests made by litigants during civil or administrative litigation where the agency is a party
Must be made in writing
Copied on counsel of record for the agency at the same time as it is delivered to the agency
The agency shall, at no cost, serve a copy of its response on the requesting party and a duplicate copy on its attorney of record in the litigation (unless the attorney of record declines)
O.C.G.A. § (e).

34. Special Rules - Computers
Computer Programs: No right to access and inspect any computer program or computer software used or maintained in the course of operation of a public office or agency.
O.C.G.A § (a)(44).
Computer Records: Records maintained by computer shall be made available where practicable by electronic means, including Internet access, subject to reasonable security restrictions. O.C.G.A § (f).
Computer Indexes: Any computerized index of deed records shall be printed every 30 days.
O.C.G.A § (i).

35. Special rules in new law (cont’d)
Electronic Records
Agencies must produce:
electronic copies, or
printouts of electronic data, or
data from data base fields
from computer programs the agency has in its possession.
An agency shall not refuse a request for electronic records merely because producing such will require (1) inputting range, (2) search, (3) filter, (4) report parameters, or (5) similar commands or instructions into an agency’s computer system, so long as such commands or instructions can be executed using existing computer programs that the agency uses in the ordinary course of business.
A requestor may request electronic data in the same format as maintained by the agency – or – subject to technical feasibility, may request that the agency produce the electronic data in a standard export format such as flat file electronic American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format.
O.C.G.A § (f).

36. Special rules in new law
Access to public records via websites
In lieu of providing separate printouts or copies of records or data, an agency may provide access to records through a website accessible by the public.
However, if data fields are requested, the agency may not refuse to provide such data on the grounds that it is otherwise on the website.
The public has a right to electronic data in its original form, if requested.
O.C.G.A § (h).

37. Records or types of data that may be withheld
The exemptions under the Open Records Act are the most complex part of this legislation, because they encompass a broad spectrum of policy objectives, privacy and public safety rationales.
Some exemptions are purely discretionary.
Some exemptions are based upon other federal and state law protecting data against release.
Other exemptions protect the lives of law enforcement or sensitive infrastructure related to national secrets.
O.C.G.A. § for exemptions

38. Common Exemptions Likely to Apply
Personal Privacy Information –
Individuals Generally – The catchall is O.C.G.A. § (a)(20)(A). It speaks in terms of “individuals” and is, therefore, quite broad. The exemption granted in this subsection is not dependent upon whether the person is a public employee. Therefore, we can know that to the extent practicable, our online records must remove any individual’s:
social security number,
mother’s birth name,
credit card information,
debit card information,
bank account information,
account number, including a utility account number,
password used to access his or her account,
financial data or information,
insurance or medical information in all records,
unlisted telephone number if so designated in a public record,
personal address or cellular telephone number,
day and month of birth, and
information regarding public utility, television, internet or telephone accounts held by private customers, provided that nonitemized bills showing amounts owed and amounts paid shall be available, except a bona fide media organization may access social security and day and month of birth information.

39. Common Exemptions Likely to Apply (cont’d)
Public Employee – O.C.G.A. § (a)(21) pertains to public employees, if so identified on the record! The only information that is not exempted in the previous “individuals” list that IS exempted in the public employee list is/are:
home address,
home telephone number, and
the identity of the public employee’s immediate family members of dependents.
This paragraph only applies on public records that specifically identify the public employee or their job, title or office. If not identified as public employee, then revert back to O.C.G.A. § (a)(20)(A).
News Media Exception – Allows bona fide media outlets to review social security numbers and day and month of birth of individuals – does not apply to records identifying individual as a public employee!
NOTE: The exemption for individual’s private information (O.C.G.A. § (a)(20)) has no application to (among other exceptions):
Disclosure of information contained in records or papers of any court or derived therefrom
Disclosure of information to a court, prosecutor, or publicly employed law enforcement officer seeking the records in an official capacity

40. What if part of the record is exempt from disclosure?
If a record contains some information that is confidential by law, the remaining portion of the records should be provided.
O.C.G.A. § (b).

41. Enforcement (What tools are available to ensure compliance?)
The superior court has jurisdiction over Open Records Act complaints.
Actions may be brought by:
The Attorney General
Any person, firm, corporation or other entity
Unless agency’s action was taken with substantial justification, the agency shall be responsible for the prevailing party’s attorney fees and litigation costs.
Possible Fines:
Any person knowingly and willfully frustrating or attempting to frustrate access to records by making records difficult to review shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and face a fine of up to $1,000 per violation.
- OR -
A civil penalty of up to $1,000 per violation may be assessed for negligent violations.
A civil or criminal penalty of up to $2,500 per offense will be imposed for additional violations within a 12 month period from the date that the first penalty was imposed.
O.C.G.A §§ and

42. Who Can Be Sued? The Public Entity Employees or public officials
Records custodian or records officer

43. THE END Open Meetings Act and Open Records Act October 24, 2012
Callaway Gardens
Presenter:
Elizabeth Whitworth
Jarrard & Davis, LLP
County Attorney to Forsyth County, Barrow County, & Cherokee County,
& City Attorney to the City of Milton