1. Soils - HDM Chapter 9 All pictures from HDM Ch 9

2. Subsurface Sampling Test Pit Probe Hole (probe—no samples; does it hit an obstruction) Auger Split Spoon Sampling Undisturbed Sampling

3. Subsurface Exploration Split spoon sampling

4. Subsurface Exploration Undisturbed sampling

5. Other Rock Core Drilling Observation well Geophysical exploration Cone penetrometer Retractable plug sampling Falling-weight deflectometer (soil strength under pavt)

6. Alignment from Geotechnical POV Fill of 2-3 m: Spans irregularities Free of drainage problems Avoid skim fills Cuts: Avoid skim cuts Avoid groundwater Avoid side hill cuts

7. Unsuitable Material Peat, muck, topsoil, sod (organics) Landfill, industrial waste Sludge Removed and replaced with suitable material

8. Soil Issues Settlement Slope Stability Rock Cuts Excavation Protection and Support Design of Spoil Sites Optional Borrow Areas Geotextiles

9. Settlement Reduce profile Lightweight fill Surcharge Sand drains Wick drains

10. Stability Lower profile Stabilizing berm Benching Staged Construction Retaining Wall Geofabrics

11. Rock Cuts Wire Mesh Rock buttress Fence

12. Excavation Protection and Support

13. Spoil Sites Burning of solid waste is prohibited Design so that excess material (not marketable or recyclable) is used in the existing right-of-way

14. Optional Borrow Areas Identify borrow areas within existing right-of-way

15. Geotextiles Bedding/Separation/Drainage/Slope Protection/Stabilization Class I (strongest) to Class III (least strong) Woven and NonWoven

17. Externally Stabilized Anchored Walls Anchored to earth or bedrock Deadman anchors Grouted tiebacks Soldier Pile and Lagging Piles at set intervals Lagging placed between piles Sheeting Driven to a certain depth Usually steel

18. Soldier Pile and Lagging

19. Sheeting Wall

20. Internally Stabilized Rely on reinforced mass of soil Not appropriate if access to underground utilities is needed 1. Mechanically Stabilized Earth Systems (MSES) 2. Geosynthetic Reinforced Earth Systems (GRES) 3. Soil Nailing 4. Gravity and Cantilever Walls CIP or Precast Gabions Mechanically Stabilized Segmental Block

21. Evergreen Wall

22. T-Wall

23. Foundations Drilled Shaft Driven Piles Micropiles

24. 24 Soil Maps GIS accessible maps are at http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/ http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/ Hints: AOI (polygon; double click to end) Soil Data Explorer Soil Properties and Qualities Soil Qualities and Features Hydrologic Soil Group View Rating Printable Version