1. Doing Fieldwork: Why Archaeologists Dig Square Holes
Chapter 6
Doing Fieldwork: Why Archaeologists Dig Square Holes

2. Outline Excavation:What Determines Preservation?
Principles of Archaeological Excavation
Precision Excavation
Sifting the Evidence
Cataloging the Finds
Conclusion: Archaeology’s Conservation Ethic: Dig Only What You Must

3. Provenience
An artifact’s provenience is its location and context within a site.
This is the most important thing about that artifact.
The guiding rule in all excavation is to record context, and this means recording provenience of artifacts, features, and ecofacts.

4. Excavation: What Determines Preservation?
The exact procedures in any excavation depend on several factors, beginning with the kind of materials that have survived the passage of time.
Decomposition is carried out by microorganisms that require warmth, oxygen, and water to survive.

5. The Excavator’s Toolkit
5–6 inch trowel
Metal file
2- and 25-meter tape measure
Work gloves
Builder’s level and angle finder
Compass
Pencils and Sharpie pens
Spoon, Nails
Straight-edge ruler
Torpedo level
Root clippers
Small wire cutters
Empty film canisters
Toilet paper (for wrapping delicate artifacts)
Toothpicks (for temporarily marking artifact locations)

6. How Archaeologists Dig
Archaeologists excavate within horizontal excavation units in natural levels and arbitrary levels.
Natural levels are the site’s strata which are more or less homogeneous, visually separable from other levels by a change in texture, color, rock or organic content.
Archaeologists prefer to excavate in natural levels wherever possible.

7. How Archaeologists Dig
Arbitrary levels are basic vertical subdivisions of an excavation square.
They are used only when recognizable “natural” strata are lacking and when natural strata are more than 10cm.

8. Arbitrary Levels Can Effect Artifacts From Natural Strata
The natural strata—A, B, C, and D—each contain a particular kind of artifact.
Each strata represents a unit of time.
If excavated using arbitrary levels—1, 2, 3, and 4—those levels would crosscut the strata.

9. Sifting the Evidence: Digging is just the beginning of excavation.
No matter how carefully you excavate, it is impossible to see, map, and recover everything of archaeological interest.
Sifters find things that hand excavation misses.

11. Why Archaeologists Dig Square Holes
If pit sidewalls are kept straight and perpendicular, excavators can use the dirt to maintain horizontal control on the X and Y axes by measuring directly from the sidewalls.
If the excavator misses something, the sifting process can tie its provenience down to a particular level in a particular unit—a very small area of the site.

12. Water-screening
A sieving process in which deposit is placed in a screen and the matrix washed away with hoses.
Essential where artifacts are expected to be small and/or difficult to find without washing.

13. Flotation
Using fluid suspension to recover burned plant remains and bone fragments.
Based on the principle: Dirt doesn’t float, but carbonized plant remains do.
Seemingly unimportant burnt seeds collected through flotation helped make the important discovery that Native Americans domesticated plants more than 4000 years ago.

14. Quick Quiz

15. 1. The guiding rule in all excavation is to record context, and this means recording ________ of artifacts, features, and ecofacts.

16. Answer: provenience
The guiding rule in all excavation is to record context, and this means recording provenience of artifacts, features, and ecofacts.

17. 2. Archaeologists prefer to excavate in arbitrary levels wherever possible.
True
False

18. Answer: B. False
Archaeologists prefer to excavate in natural levels wherever possible

19. 3. No matter how carefully you excavate, it is impossible to see, map, and recover everything of archaeological interest, _____ finds things that excavation misses.

20. Answer: sifting
No matter how carefully you excavate, it is impossible to see, map, and recover everything of archaeological interest, sifting finds things that excavation misses.