1. What’s in Ch. 51 ? I. GERUNDIVES (page 172) – which decline like any –us, -a, -um adjective  Gerundives are more commonly used, instead of a gerund when the there is an object – keep in mind the case needed 1 st, then gender and number of the noun (page 172)  Use of the gerundive with ad to show purpose (page 172)  Use of the gerundive in the genitive case preceding causā to show purpose (p. 172, sentence # 2)  The gerundive in the ablative case usually expresses cause or means (p. 172, sentence # 7)  NB 1: The gerundive of deponent verbs is translated passively. (page 172)  P.S. Two epigrams (page 173) The Roman Empire (page 107)

2. incitō, incitāre, incitāvī, incitātus/a/um = to spur on, urge on, incite doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitus/a/um = to feel pain, suffer recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessus/a/um = to go back, retire doctrīna, doctrīnae F. = teaching, learning praeceptum, praeceptī N. = advice, precept; instruction sōlācium, sōlāciī N. = comfort precēs, precum F pl. = prayers voluptās, voluptātis F. = pleasure plausus, plausūs M = applause quisquis, quicquid = whoever, whatever hodiernus, hodierna, hodiernum = today’s suprēmus, suprēma, suprēmum = last, highest tūtus, tūta, tūtum = safe mollis, molle = soft, gentle nōnnumquam = sometimes semel = once bis = twice ter = thrice, three times

3. Gerundives (-nd-) I. They look like gerunds, but gerundives are more versatile than gerunds. b. What are the two main uses for gerundives? (Ch. 51) (Ch. 52) c. Are gerundives nouns like gerunds, or are gerundives adjectives? Noun / Adjective (Circle one) d.What is the other name for the gerundive?

4. l RULE: When the gerund takes an object, the Romans typically converted the gerund phrase into a gerundive phrase, by (1) putting the noun into the necessary case (so, if you have means, put noun into the ablative. If you are using causā, put noun into genitive, etc.), then (2) change the ending on the gerund to a gerundive to agree in case, number & gender with the noun

5. Gerundives (aka, Future Passive Participle): two uses…(1) Verbal Adjectives used like gerunds, but made to agree with nouns (this chapter), (2) The Passive Periphrastic  Gerundive + a form of verb “sum” to show necessity, obligation or duty – refer to chapter 52.

6. l How to distinguish Gerunds from Gerundives GERUNDS... ↓↓GERUNDIVES… ↓↓↓ Verbal NOUNSVerbal ADJECTIVES Don’t agree with anythingAgree with a noun in any case Only singularCan be singular or plural Only neuter Can be M, F, or N depending on the noun it agrees with ACTIVEPASSIVE

7. (1)The Forms of the Gerundive/Future Passive Participle- Declines like any regular 1 st -2 nd Declension Adjective like magnus, magna, magnum in agreement with a noun or pronoun in case, #, and gender. Here’s the singular: Nom Sing: pugnanduspugnandapugnandum(x) to be fought Gen Sing: pugnandīpugnandaepugnandī of (x) to be fought Dat Sing: pugnandōpugnandaepugnandō to/for (x) to be fought Acc Sing: pugnandumpugnandampugnandum (x) to be fought Abl Sing: pugnandōpugnandāpugnandō WFBI (x) to be fought Voc Sing: pugnandepugnandapugnandumO (x) to be fought!  Translation: (1a) “to be verbed”, or (1b) “ing” if used like the gerund.

8. l (1)The Forms of the Gerundive/Future Passive Participle- Declines like any regular 1 st -2 nd Declension Adjective like magnus, magna, magnum in agreement with a noun or pronoun in case, #, and gender. Here’s the plural: Nom Plural: pugnandīpugnandaepugnanda(x) to be fought Gen Plural: pugnandōrumpugnandārumpugnandōrum of (x) to be fought Dat Plural: pugnandīspugnandīspugnandīs to/for (x) to be fought Acc Plural: pugnandōspugnandāspugnanda (x) to be fought Abl Plural: pugnandīspugnandīspugnandīs WFBI (x) to be fought Voc Plural: pugnandīpugnandaepugnandaO (x) to be fought!  Translation: (1a) “to be verbed”, or (1b) “ing” if used like the gerund.

9. Gerundives – how to translate them o (1) mostly literally “to be verbed”: ager arandus = “the field to be plowed”; epistula mittenda = “the letter to be sent” o (2) “verbing” in a gerund clause that has been converted to a gerundive clause. (see below) o (3) Gerundive of Obligation: gerundive + form of the verb esse “to be” (see Chapter 52) o (4) Gerundives with special verbs showing purpose or intent (see Chapter 52)

10. l Converting Gerund phrases into Gerundive phrases o Whenever the gerund takes an object, the Romans more often turned it into a “gerundive phrase” o There is no difference in meaning between a gerund and a gerundive in this usage. o When translating a gerund or a gerundive phrase, always translate the gerund/gerundive first

11. l RULES for Converting Gerund phrases into Gerundive phrases 1.Figure out what case you need (causā governs the genitive; ad the accusative; means is ablative) 2.Put the noun in that case. 3.Make the gerundive agree with that noun in case, number and gender. 1.Remember, when translating a gerund or a gerundive phrase, always translate the gerund/gerundive first

12. 2 Examples of Gerund/ Gerundives phrases o Horatius won fame by writing poems. = carmina scrībendō Horātius fāmam meruit. (  gerund) =… carminibus scrībendīs Horātius fāmam meruit. (  gerundive) o The poet is sitting in his study to compose new poems. = Poēta in tablīnō nova carmina scrībendī causā sedet. (  gerund) = Poēta in tablīnō novōrum carminum scrībendōrum causā sedet. (  gerundive)

13. Gerundives of deponent verbs o Deponent verbs have a gerundive o Deponent gerundive are passive in translation, like other gerundives: o Examples: cōnandus/a/um = to be tried o sequendus/a/um = to be followed o miserandus/a/um = to be pitied

14. Gerundives – an example using the vocative o Puer mirande, bene pugnavistī! = O boy to be admired/worthy of being admired, you have fought well!

15. TRANSLATE into your composition books: 1. Imperator urbis capiendae causā milites suos promisit. 2. Ille sapiens librīs legendīs plūra cognoscet. 3. Ad rem pūblicam servandam Cicerō Catilinam petēbat. 4. Hic est peritus pugnandī; ille (est peritus) carminum scrībendōrum. 5.Mea uxor philosophiae legendae studet.

16. l 6. Cicerō causae loquendae causā in forō stetit. Cupidi erāmus multōrum audiendōrum. 7. Puer miserande, bene vīxistī et mortuus es! 8. Puella miseranda, bene vīxistī et mortua es! 9. vaccārum vendendārum gratiā agricola ad Forum ēgit. 10. Sapientiā ūtere ad vītam bene agendam. (vītam agere = to live)

17. Finis

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