1. Chapter 12 The Hundred Years’ War & Decline of the Church

2.  Hundred Years War  England & France forged their identities  Fought intermittently between 1337 & 1453  Began as a feudal war – developed two powerful & territorially integrated states  Challenges to the Catholic Church  Kings sought greater influence over the clergy  Theologians rejected many of the church’s positions  Legitimacy of its power  Damaged prestige  The Babylonian Captivity  The Great Schism  Social Change  Growing cities Tightening membership in Guilds  Stratification of gender roles  Peasant and urban revolts  Sexual issues became public concern

3.  1337 – 1453  England and France fought over English feudal claims to the French throne  116 years of intermittent war  England won every important battle  Except the last one

4.  Causes  Aquitaine  Inherited in the 12 th C by England (Capetian dynasty)  Capetian dynasty died out in 1328  French nobles did not want England’s king Edward III to exercise his royal claim in France.  French nobles seeking to weaken French monarchy supported Edward  Econ competition over the rich Flemish wool-producing towns  Flemish aristocracy supported France  Merchant class supported England  The war presented many opportunities for honor, advancement, and wealth for nobles

6. Importance Nationalism grows Both countries sensationalized the evils of the other Fostered mutual hatred Military Ended medieval tactics and chivalric rules of war England won most of the battles Used artillery for the 1 st time & the longbow, Which unhorsed knights in armor, superior to the crossbow The cannon meant stone castles were obsolete France won the war Joan of Arc – spurred nationalistic fervor

7. Joan of Arc Peasant girl 16 years old Heard voices urging her to help the dauphin (uncrowned king) Convinced king to allow her to accompany an army to the siege of Orleans. Her leadership inspired the soldiers 10 days later England withdrew 10 days after that Charles was crowned Joan was captured by Burgundians Sold her to England Tried and executed for witchcraft and heresy Cut her hair Wore men’s clothes Claimed to hear directly from God Became one of two patron saints of France

8. Consequences Death Toll was huge in contrast to medieval wars Economies in France where the battles were fought, were devastated. England’s economy suffered due to the stunning costs of the war Plunder soldiers brought back added to their coffers Gov raised taxes on wool – making it harder to sell aboard, thus hurting the econ Parliament grew - Constitutional Monarchy advanced Edward III called Parliament into session 37 our of the 50 years of his reign to ask for finances for the war. Commons separated from the Lords Commons – knights and wealthy burgers Right to approve non-feudal levies – financial power England only had one Parliament – other countries had dominate regional/provincial assemblies

9. Seeds of change – Parliament Limited monarchy (nearly 800 years) Origin The Magna Carta The barons of England forced King John to sign – 1215 Estab. Limitations on royal power Restricted judicial powers of the king Protected the barons, clergy and burghers (wealthy townsmen) from arbitrary arrest or cruel punishment Granted trial by jury Required the “common consent of the realm” for new taxes During the 100 Years’ War The king needed the common consent to acquire more (and more) funds for the war Parliament became more powerful A feudal origin the Magna Carta guaranteed right to the ruling elites, that were extended over the centuries to all royal subjects

10. Catholic Church Inadequate and conflicted leadership Putting it under the domination of powerful states Demand from within to restructure from a papal hierarchy to councils made up from the clergy The growth of lay piety Mysticism

11. The Babylonian Captivity 1309 – 1376 The popes resided in Avignon Under the domination of the French king (not in Rome) Focused on internal administrative reforms Return to Rome (after nearly 70 years) Dispute over who should be pope Fueled by nationalism Two popes were elected Urban VI – Italian Clement VII – cousin of the king of France States supported according to their political interests

12. The Great Schism Effort to reform the monarchical organization of the church by sharing power with church councils representative of all Christians Defensor Pacis of 1324 - Marsiglio of Padua Intellectual underpinnings of the conciliar movement Argued that the church must be subordinate to the state The church had no right to own property Led to his excommunication John Wyclif (later his ideas were used by Martin Luther) The only source of Christian doctrine & practice – the Scriptures Scriptures should be read in the vernacular by the laity Common religious practices were illegitimate Veneration of saints and pilgrimages Simony (buying/selling of church offices) Pluralism (holding several offices at the same time) Absenteeism (holding an office, but living in another place) Property ownership

13. AP Tip Pilgrimages and veneration of saints were also an important part of the urban economy Pilgrimages fostered trade and the founding of towns along their routes

14. Lollards Wyclif’s supporters Used his ideas to justify peasant revolts -1381 Same time as 1 st Eng. Translation of the Bible Women Lollard’s supported women preachers Significant impact – 15 th C Bohemia Czech priest John Hus Preached in native language – not Latin Not a radical – but Argued for Scripture to be accepted Denounced abuses of the church Communion for clergy and laity Czech nobles used ideas to push independence from Habsburg (Gr overlords) Council of Constance 1415 – tried and executed for heresy Hussite Wars – Nobles/people rebelled against Habsburgs Council called an end to the Great Schism Martin V – pope Councils lose power – papacy wins power

15. AP tip! Religion & Politics Wyclif & Hus reveal the degree to which religious reform was tied to politics Seeds of Change Martin Luther would use their ideas a century later Martin Luther was able to bring about reform they could not (Wyclif and Hus opposition too powerful – supports too weak)

16. Lay Piety gain prominence Disorder & disunity disputes among various orders particularly Franciscans & Dominicans Disappointing performance of some priests Absence of priests The Black Death took many priests