1. England Discovers Its Colonies: Empire, Liberty and Expansion
AP US History
Chapter 3:
England Discovers Its Colonies: Empire, Liberty and Expansion

2. Mercantilism
Mercantilism is the belief that a nation is only as powerful as their wealth
Colonies needed to obtain wealth
Gold and silver a measure of that wealth
Nations had to control colonies to obtain wealth; several laws addressed this
First Navigation Act (1651)
Balance of trade
Control of what nations and goods could be traded in English and colonial ports
Rules on nationality of ship captains and crew
Navigation Act of 1660
Only English ships allowed in colonial ports
Half of ship crews required to be English
Enumerate commodities could only be shipped to England or other English colonies
Staple Act of 1663: goods going to the colonies from other nations had to pass through England first

3. Mercantilism Navigation Acts were unpopular with the colonists
Plantation Duty Act of 1673: ship captains paid bond in the colonies promising to deliver goods to England
If not, pay taxes that would be owed in England
Hoped to eliminate incentive to smuggle
Navigation Acts were unpopular with the colonists
However, the intended goal of the Acts was achieved
Displaced Dutch trade in the Western Hemisphere
Gave England a near monopoly over trade

4. Native Americans and the English Colonies
Europeans had an enormous effect on the Native Americans
Disease decimated the population
European goods became a part of Native culture and life
Mostly Puritan missionaries attempted to convert Native Americans, especially in New England
Iroquois League: confederation of five tribes, promise to not fight each other
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
Also formed an alliance with colonists called the Covenant Chain of Peace in 1677

5. Native and Colonial Violence
However, not all interactions were peaceful; several wars erupted in the colonies amongst the Native Americans and settlers
Metacom’s (King Philip’s) War ( )
Pitted New England Puritans against two tribes, the Wampanoags and Narragansetts
Brutal fighting
Colonists eventually won after enlisting the help of the Mohawks and Mohegans
Metacom killed, many followers sold into slavery
Virginia’s Indian War (1675)
Colonists fight against Doegs and Susquehannocks
Disagreement amongst colonists whether to attack or defend
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Led by Nathaniel Bacon, upset over colonial inaction
Slaughtered hundreds of innocent Native Americans
Arrested for his actions, but forgiven

6. Crisis in England and the Colonies
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Overthrow of King James II after he violated laws regarding appointment of Catholics
Brought William III and Mary II to power
Passed Toleration Act that allowed Protestants (not Catholics) freedom to worship
Spread to the colonies as well
Salem Witch Trials (1692)
150 people, mostly young girls, accused of witchcraft in Salem, MA
Several were executed, but none of the executed confessed
50 confessors were never executed
Trials ended when the governor’s wife was accused
With all of the religious conflicts in the colonies in the late 1600s, nearly all colonies were converted to royal colonies
Guaranteed representative government

7. An English Empire
By the early 1700s, England had a strong empire in the Americas
Navigation Act of 1696
Closed loopholes from previous Acts
Board of Trade (1696)
Advisory in nature in regards to control of trade
Act of Union, 1707
United England and Scotland
Tremendous effect on Scotland as they benefitted greatly from colonial trade

8. France and Spain’s American Empires
France and Spain were more interested in converting Native Americans, to limited effect
Pueblo Revolt ( )
Pueblo converts reverted to traditional worship after years of famine and drought
Revolt killed thousands of Spaniards and destroyed missions in New Mexico
Thousands of Pueblos also killed, eventually submitting to the Spanish once again
The French had more success in avoiding conflict, establishing treaties with the Algonquians and Iroquois

9. Three Warring Empires
From , England, France and Spain fought against one another
France and Spain fought to survive
England fought to expand
Ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713
Several wars were fought in the years
King William’s War ( )
Queen Anne’s War ( )
The wars impeded population growth in New England and the Carolinas
However, settlers began moving west in Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland