1. Big Question: How do you fight a war on Terror??

2. Principles of Just War Theory ∆War must be a Last Resort – Non-violence options exhausted ∆Waged by Legitimate authority ∆Fought to right a wrong – “right intentions” ∆Fought with reasonable chance of success – Wrongful deaths are not just

3. Principles of Just War Theory ∆Ultimate goal: Reestablish Peace ∆Weapons must separate between “combatants and non- combatants” – a.k.a. Military v Civilian

4. What is Radical Islam? ∆Conflict between modernism, traditionalism – Modernism: western industrialization, commercialism – Traditionalism: return to “glory days” of world dominated by Islam – Radical Islamists believe that people who intro western ways are evil or the enemy (infection of Islam) ∆Muslim governments may be the enemy, too if they adopt Western ways

5. Asymmetric Warfare: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism ∆Problem: Confronting the West ∆Question: How could the Islamists hope to challenge the military strength of the Americans (and, for a while, Soviets)?

6. Answer: Asymmetric Warfare ∆Two sides in conflict that have vastly different capabilities ∆Weaker side resorts to novel strategies to “even the odds” ∆One strategy = terrorism

7. Terrorism ∆Systematic use of fear, especially as a means of coercion, against non- combatants (civilians) to achieve an ideological goal

8. Why is Terrorism so Effective? ∆“Uncivilized” way of fighting ∆Targets civilians ∆Incomprehensible to West (cultural differences) – Value of human life – Relative importance of religion

9. Notable Terrorist Attacks ∆Lebanon, 1982: Bombing of US marines barracks in Beirut (242) ∆Lockerbie, Scotland, 1988: Midair bombing / destruction of Pan Am flight 103 (259)

10. Notable Terrorist Attacks ∆New York City, 1993: Bombing of WTC, killing 6 / injuring 1000 ∆Yemen, 2000: USS Cole attack (37 sailors)

11. Notable Terrorist Attacks ∆World Trade Center – 1993 Bombing 1,500 lbs of explosive un parking garage 6 people killed – 9/11/01 Attack against the Principles of the United States

12. Rise of Al-Qaeda ∆Founded in 1988 at end of Soviet invasion ∆Umbrella group that coordinated, funded different Islamist terrorist groups ∆Est. training camps in Afghanistan (guerrilla tactics, bomb making)

13. Rise of Al-Qaeda ∆Goals of Al-Qaeda 1. Overthrow secular Muslim gov’ts (esp Saudi Arabian gov’t) 2. Support radical Islamist movements around world 3. Encourage rise of worldwide Islamic Caliphate

14. Osama bin Laden ∆Son of Saudi Arabian millionaire ∆Educated as civil engineer or public admin, in Saudi Arabia ∆Fought with terrorists in Afghanistan ∆Funded training camps in Afghanistan for terrorists ∆Helped supply radical Islamist groups around world ∆Leader of Al-Qaeda since 1998