1. Last minute Phonology questions?
Questions? Comments?
Last minute Phonology questions? 1

2. Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Exx: 2, 4, 13, 14, 19, 20 due 5/1
Problem Set 3 due 5/6
MIDTERM is Tuesday 5/6!

3. Morphology
Slide 1
Morphology
The part of the grammar that is concerned with words and word formation
Lexicon - your mental dictionary - the filing cabinet drawer for how words are put together and what the meanings of these different parts are
Word - the smallest free form found in language (it does not have to occur in fixed position with respect to other forms)

4. Morphology
Slide 2
Morphology
Morpheme - the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function (builder has 2 morphemes: build and -er)
Simple words - contain only 1 morpheme
Complex words - contain more than 1 morpheme
Free morpheme - a morpheme that can be a word by itself
Bound morpheme - a morpheme that must be attached to another element

5. Morphology Identifying Morphemes
Slide 3
Morphology
Identifying Morphemes
A morpheme can carry info about meaning or function. Haunt cannot be broken down into h + aunt because only aunt has meaning. Bats can be broken down into 2 morphemes: bat + -s (where the 2nd morpheme means more than one).
The meanings of individual morphemes should contribute to the overall meaning of the word. pumpkin cannot be broken down into pump + kin because the meaning of pumpkin has nothing to do with that.
A morpheme is not the same thing as a syllable. treat = 1 morpheme and 1 syllable; dracula = 1 morpheme and 3 syllables; -s (PLURAL) in English = 1 morpheme and is not even 1 syllable.
Often during word formation, changes in pronunciation and/or spelling occur. These do not affect a morpheme’s status as a morpheme.
scare + -y = scary (root = scare); scary + -er = scarier (root = scare)

6. Morphology Practice WORD # of Morphemes FREE BOUND 2 erase -er eraser4
Morphology Practice
WORD
# of Morphemes
FREE
BOUND 2
erase
-er
eraser
wicked
invalid (A)
invalid (N)
walked
Jack’s
reactivation 1
wicked 2
valid
in- 1
invalid 2
walk
-ed 2
Jack -s 5
act
re-, -ive, -ate, -tion

7. Morphology
Practice 5
Morphology Practice
How to solve morphology problems: isolate and identify all the morphemes in the data. To do this, identify recurring strings of sounds and match them with recurring meanings.
Mende (Sierra Leone)
What is the morpheme meaning ‘the’? -i
If [sale] means ‘proverb’, what is the form for ‘the proverb’?
[salei]
If [kpindii] means ‘the night’, what does [kpindi] mean?
‘night’

8. Turkish slide - What morphemes mean
Morphology
Practice 6
Morphology Practice
How to solve morphology problems: isolate and identify all the morphemes in the data. To do this, identify recurring strings of sounds and match them with recurring meanings.
Turkish slide - What morphemes mean

9. Morphology
Practice 8

10. Morphology
Practice 8

11. Morphology Practice Turkish - What is the order of morphemes ROOT9
Morphology Practice
Turkish - What is the order of morphemes
ROOT
PLURAL
POSSESSIVE
POSTPOSITION

12. Morphology Practice Turkish handout - English/Turkish translation 10

13. Morphology Allomorphs - the variant forms of a morpheme
Slide 11
Morphology
Allomorphs - the variant forms of a morpheme
English indefinite article has 2 allomorphs: a and an
English plural has 3 allomorphs - what are they? cats, dogs, horses

14. Morphology Word structure
Slide 12
Morphology
Word structure
Root - the core of the word and carries the major component of meaning
Lexical category - Noun (N), Adjective (A), Verb (V), Preposition (P)
Affixes - general term for a morpheme that does not have a lexical category, and is always bound
Base is the form to which an affix is attached (most cases it is the root)

15. Morphology Practice WORD # of Morphemes ROOT ROOT CATEGORY13
Morphology Practice
WORD
# of Morphemes
ROOT
ROOT CATEGORY
WORD CATEGORY 3
kind
adjective
noun
kindnesses
amazement
dishonest
lovelier
trees
rereads
impersonal 2
amaze V N 2
honest A 3
love N A 2
tree N 3
read V 3
person N A

16. Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Slide 14
Morphology
Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindness
1) Identify the root A
kindness

17. Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Slide 15
Morphology
Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindness
2) Attach the suffix and determine lexical category of the word N Af A
kindness

18. Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Slide 16
Morphology
Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindnesses
1) Identify the root A
kindnesses

19. Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Slide 17
Morphology
Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindness
2) Attach the 1st affix and determine lexical category of the word N Af A
kindnesses

20. Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Morphology
Slide 18
Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindness
3) Attach the 2nd affix to the new base and determine lexical category of the resulting word Af N N A Af
kindnesses

21. Morphology Affixes can be suffixes, prefixes or infixes
Slide 19
Morphology
Affixes can be suffixes, prefixes or infixes
Infixes must be morphemes inserted into the root of the word, and not just adding another prefix or suffix to an existing one
freakin’ as an infix: abso-freakin-lutely not *absolute-freakin-ly
a true English infix?
Problems: some words that have an affix no longer allow the root to be a free form - unkempt, inept, overwhelmed - any others?
Some words appear to have affixes but are considered one morpheme - receive, submit, permit (still formed with other affixes like they do have affixes though - permission, reception)

22. Morphology
Slide 20
Morphology
Derivation - an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from its base (see Table 4.6, p. 119)
Complex derivations - when there are multiple affixes
Structurally ambiguous words - unlockable Af A Af A V A V Af Af V
unlockable
unlockable

23. Morphology
Slide 21
Morphology
Constraints on derivation - suffix -ant cannot affix to native English words, only borrowed words from Latin (p. 121)
Sometimes constraint is phonological - -en can only attach as a suffix to a monosyllabic base ending in an obstruent.

24. Morphology 2 different classes of affixes:
Slide 22
Morphology
2 different classes of affixes:
Class 1 affix - triggers phonological changes in consonants or vowels of the base (see Table 4.9, p. 127) - stress shifts (not talking about spelling)
Class 2 affix - phonologically neutral, having no effect on base or stress of resulting word (see Table 4.10, p. 127) (not talking about spelling)
Usually, Class 2 affixes cannot come between Class 1 affixes and the root.
*fearlessity, but ok fearlessness, relational, divisiveness

25. Draw a word tree for lovlier -- How many morphemes?
Morphology
Practice 23
Morphology Practice
Draw a word tree for lovlier -- How many morphemes? N
love li er A Af
How many morphemes in ugly?
uglier? 1 2

26. Morphology
Slide 24
Morphology
Inflection - the modification of a word’s form to indicate grammatical information of various sorts
The base that inflectional forms are added to is sometimes called a stem (like root for derivational affixation)
This is different from derivation
Not all inflection is through affixes

27. Possessive (genitive) -’s John’s book Verbs
Morphology
Slide 25
English only has 8 inflectional suffixes! (memorize them)(Table 4.15, p. 132)
Nouns
Plural -s
the books
Possessive (genitive) -’s
John’s book
Verbs
3rd Person Singular (SG) nonpast -s
He works hard.
Progressive -ing
He is working.
Past tense -ed
He worked yesterday.
Past participle -en/-ed
He has worked/eaten.
Adjectives
Comparative -er
the smaller one
Superlative -est
the smallest one

28. Morphology
Slide 26
Morphology
There are many irregular forms in English that don’t use the affixation of inflection as discussed. (go + PAST = goed? no, went)
Inflection versus Derivation
Inflection does not change the grammatical category or the meaning of the word to which it is affixed
Derivation can change the category and does change the meaning (although still related) (All English prefixes are derivation even though they do not change the lexical category of the word)
Derivational affixes have to occur closest to base. neighborhoods but not *neighborshood
Inflectional affixes can combine with nearly every possible word (plural -s) but derivational affixes can combine with a more limited set (-ment) (Table 4.16, p. 130)

29. Morphology Inflection versus Derivation
Slide 27
Morphology
Inflection versus Derivation
Special case of -ing: There are 3 -ing affixes!
1) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Noun - I watched the dancing in the room.
2) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Adjective - The dancing frog
3) Inflecitonal: Verb + -ing = Verb - The frog is dancing

30. Morphology
Slide 28
Morphology
Inflection - in English is usually marked with affixes (suffixes)
Can also be marked through Internal Change - a process that substitutes one nonmorphemic segment for another to mark a grammatical contrast
Ablaut (vowel alterations): sing, sink, drive - sang, sank, drove OR feet and geese from foot and goose - what about dive?
Suppletion - replaces a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast
to be in English is made up of a few different forms not related to each other through affixation or internal change: is, was, were, are, am, be

31. Morphology INFLECTION
Slide 29
INFLECTION
Reduplication - full or partial - the repetition of all or part of a word to indicate a grammatical or semantic contrast
See Table 4.19, p Do we do this in English? ugly ugly
Tone placement - different pitch to indicate different tense (Spanish has an inflectional stress to indicate tense and person - hablo versus habló)
Agreement – when one word is inflected to match a certain grammatical properties of another word – number, person (Eng. 3rd Sing Present –s: he speaks
Case - is a change in a word’s form to indicate its grammatical role (subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.)
He/his/him, I/mine/me
Morphology
Accusative
Genitive

32. Morphology
Slide 30
Morphology
Compounding - compound word is the combination of two already existing words
The right-most word determines the lexical category of the new compound word (greenhouse is a noun because house is a noun although green is an adjective) - the morpheme that determines the category is called the head
Spelling is not consistent with how compounds are represented - high school, high-school, highschool
Pronunciation differences between compound and A + N sequence (Table 4.11, p. 124) - blackbird versus black bird
Inflectional suffixes can only be added to second form in compound (tense or plural) so drop kicked but not *dropped kick

33. Morphology
Slide 31
Morphology
Compounds that you can build the meaning out of the two words are endocentric - steamboat, airplane, bathtub
Compounds that you cannot build the meaning out of the two words are exocentric - redhead, redneck (not type of head or neck)
See Table 4.13, p. 125 for more examples
Compounds in other languages? Any examples? earworm in German

34. Other morphological phenomena
Morphology
Slide 32
Morphology
Other morphological phenomena
Cliticization - clitics must be attached to another word (host)
I’m leaving now. - sometimes indicated in English with apostrophe
They’re here now
French - Jean t’aime
Clitics are not like affixes because they belong to their own lexical category (verb, noun, etc.) different from their host

35. Other morphological phenomena - Word formation processes
Morphology
Slide 33
Morphology
Other morphological phenomena - Word formation processes
Conversions - changing one word from one category to another without the use of affixes (zero derivation) - invalid to invalid (Table 4.22, p. 135) stress shift often occurs in English
Clipping - the shortening of a longer form to derive a new form - fax, porn, blog - why blog and not eblog?
Blends - blends two words together - smog, brunch, absotively
Backformation - reanalysis of possible affix to form backwards the root into a new form (that didn’t really exist) burglar - burgle; editor - edit

36. Other morphological phenomena - Word formation processes
Morphology
Slide 34
Morphology
Other morphological phenomena - Word formation processes
Acronyms - the pronunciation of letters - scuba, laser, NASA, NATO - not abbreviation which is just pronouncing the letters - LA - if say [la], then acronym – for fun: RAS syndrome
Initialism – just pronouncing the string of letters DC, LA
Onomatopoeia - words created to sound like the thing they describe - zip, buzz, hiss, sizzle - different words in diff langs for same sound - how does a dog bark in French? Spanish? English?
Coinage - the creation of a new word from scratch (not how much a person is worth!) - Teflon, spandex - flig

37. Identify the word formation process
Morphology
Practice 35
Morphology Practice
Identify the word formation process
blending
infomercial
(to) ship
mice
chirp
healthy
demo
better
he’s
headline
enthuse
conversion
inflection (internal change)
onomatopoeia
derivation
clipping
inflection (suppletion)
cliticization
compounding
back formation

38. Morphology
Slide 36
Morphology

39. Morphology
Slide 37
Morphology

40. Morphology
Practice 38
Morphology Practice
Morphophonemics

41. Midterm on Tuesday! Have a safe and happy Halloween!41