1. PHONETICS Study of the physical properties of speech- sounds – how they are made – how they are heard – how they are transmitted PHONOLOGY Study of the linguistic properties of speech-sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual languages

2. PHONETICS Study of the physical properties of speech-sounds Articulatory Phonetics – how they are made Auditory Phonetics – how they are heard Acoustic Phonetics – how they are transmitted

3. PHONETICS Study of the physical properties of speech- sounds – how they are made – how they are heard – how they are transmitted PHONOLOGY Study of the linguistic properties of speech-sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual languages

4. PHONETICS Universal: the study of the sounds produced in human speech PHONOLOGY Local: the study of the sound system of one single language or variety of language

5. The Talking White Male Head (Ladefoged p.2) 5

6. Daniel Jones, 1918, An Outline of English Phonetics Frontispiece from the 9th edition, 1972 6

7. 7

8. CLOSE (HIGH) BACK FRONT OPEN (LOW) 8

9. [e] Phonetic symbols are shown in square brackets: /e/ Phonological symbols are shown in slashes:

10. phones phonemes allophones

12. phones sounds of language

13. Segments How fine can you slice language? sentence phrase word syllable letter... ? Review the slide on Slicing Language in the first week ….

14. Letters ? cat rat cat cot cat cap

15. Letters ? cat rat cat cot cat cap

16. Letters ? cat coat caught k V t codekeyed k V d right write rite r V t

17. Segments How thin can you slice language? sentence phrase word syllable letter....... phone

18. catrat catcotcatcot catcap topstop lip milk codecold significant difference - different word non-significant different - change impossible

19. catrat catcot catcap topstop lip milk codecold significant non-significant predictable non-predictable meaning structure

20. catrat catcot catcap topstop lip milk codecold PHONEMES ALLOPHONES

21. phones are either: phonemes significant sound differences meaning-based choice allophones non-significant sound differences fixed choice

22. How can we tell whether a sound is a phoneme or an allophone? Minimal pairs catrat catcot catcap kætræt kætkot kætkæp

23. Minimal pairs catrat tighttide corescore nose knows Koreacareer servicesurface kætræt taittaid kO(r)skO(r)n0uzk01ri0 k01ri0k01rir

24. Minimal pairs servicesurface showsew makemaid ghosttoast wailwhale 1sEvis1sEfis 1sErvis1sErfis 1sEv0s1sEf0s S0us0u meikmeid g0ustt0ustweil weilWeil

25. Minimal contexts pressure measure fission vision 1preS0 1meG0 1fiS0n1viG0n

26. Allophones topstop piespy carescare topstop paispai ke0ske0 kersker

27. Allophones topstop piespy carescare No free choice between p and pH. Complementary distribution tHopstop pHaispai kHe0ske0 kHersker Compementary angles:

28. phoneme allophone / [ ]

29. phoneme allophone

30. Usually, of course, the different ALLOPHONES of the same PHONEME are all similar to each other - they form a FAMILY of sounds. But we mustn't fall into the trap of thinking that ALLOPHONIC difference is small while PHONEMIC difference is large. There is actually no real difference between these differences! We can see this by the fact that the same difference can be allophonic in one language, and phonemic in another. from http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/phonemes.html

31. seatsheet massivemachine basicnation

32. She is fine as morn in May, mild, divine and clever. Like a shining summer’s day she is mine for ever. Sr. Sigurður Norland í Hindisvík

33. Mitsubishi Subaru

34. phoneme allophone MitsubishiSubaru

36. this theatre

37. think this thought þðþ

38. þessi þýðing

40. The lateral - l lip yellow mill miller milk people

41. l http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy.html l

42. phoneme allophone

43. The phoneme /l/ is light before a vowel, otherwise dark

44. The lateral - l lip yellow mill miller milk people

46. trouble follows the blameless milkman like a wealthy lawyer trÆbl fol0uz ð0 bleimlis milkm0n laik 0 welþ^ lOj0

47. lay play splay clay exclaim

48. (from week 6):

49. Is it followed by a vowel? Does it follow k or p in a stressed syllable? clay play lay yellow mill milk