1. Unit # 4: Statistics 6th grade
Statistics is the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret data

2. “We are rapidly entering a world where everything can be monitored and measured but the big problem is going to be the ability of humans to use, analyze, and make sense of the data.”
The New York Times
August 6, 2009

3. Essential Questions 1. How do we properly collect data?
2. How do we organize data?
3. How do we analyze data?
4. How do we interpret results?

4. To properly collect data, we must first ask a question that will result in multiple and varying answers rather than a single answer.
A statistical question will result in variability in data and involve a real-world context.

5. Sort the following questions into two groups: statistical & non-statistical
1. How old is the oldest student in our class?
2. Are there more boys or girls in our class?
3. How old are the students in our class?
4. How long do students in this class spend on math homework each week?
5. How many students in our class like to watch scary movies?
6. What types of movies are preferred by students in our class?

6. Statistical or Non-Statistical
3. How old are the students in our class?
4. How long do students in this class spend on math homework each week?
6. What types of movies are preferred by students in our class?
Non-Statistical
1. How old is the oldest student in our class?
2. Are there more boys or girls in our class?
5. How many students in our class like to watch scary movies?

7. Get into groups of 3
Decide whether the questions in your envelope are statistical or non-statistical. Discuss.
If a question is non-statistical, discuss how you could rewrite it to be a statistical question that contains multiple and varying answers.
Unit+5+Statistics+Probability
6.SP.1 Questions for Sorting

8. Pick one of the following topics
1. TV habits 2. Cell phone usage 3. Eating fruits and vegetables 4. Watching sports Write a statistical question and a non-statistical question about your topic.

9. Day 2

10. Bell work:
Write a statistical question you could ask your classmates about the movies they like.

11. You will have 10 minutes to ask your classmates the statistical question you wrote during bell work. Create a line plot or a tally chart to display the results.
Line plot
Tally chart

12. Statistical questions can be divided into two groups:
A statistical question is a question that will result in multiple and varying answers rather than a single answer.
Statistical questions can be divided into two groups:
categorical or numerical.

13. Categorical data
Categorical data is measured qualitatively by placing the items into categories or groups.
Ex. Favorite color, male or female, hair color
Categorical data is often displayed using a bar graph or a circle graph

14. Categorical data
Often times, categorical data does not involve numbers, therefore will not have a mean, median, or range.
The mode is the answer that occurs most often. The mode is the most useful calculation for categorical data.

15. Numerical Data
Numerical data is measured quantitatively and has a value or number for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.
Numerical data can be analyzed to find mean, median, range, and other forms of measurement
Numerical data is often displayed using a line plot (dot plot), histogram, or box and whisker plot.
*We will study each of these in more detail throughout this unit

16. Examples of numerical data graphs

17. Sort the questions from your envelope into two groups:
Get into groups of 3
Sort the questions from your envelope into two groups:
Numerical
Categorical
6.SP.1 Categorical and Numerical Questions

18. Identify whether the following graphs are categorical or numerical

19. Day 3

20. Activity:
In five days, it snowed 4 inches, 3 inches, 5 inches, 1 inch, and 2 inches.
4 in in in in in
Move the cubes until each stack has the same number of cubes.
Oklahoma Math Connects Course 1 – Glencoe 2011 – pg. 102

21. Activity Summary:
1. On average, how many inches did it snow per day in five days? Explain your reasoning.
2. Suppose on the sixth day it snowed
9 inches. If you moved the cubes again, how many cubes would be in each stack.
Oklahoma Math Connects Course 1 – Glencoe 2011 – pg. 102

22. Mean (or average) – the results from equally distributing all the data in a set. The mean can be found in either of the following ways
The mean can be found by leveling all the values to have an equal distribution.
nteractivate/activities/Pl opIt/
The mean is the sum of the data divided by the number of pieces of data.
Ex. Data set: 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
Mean: 5
= 15/5
Mean = 3

23. Find the mean of the data sets below.
Years of experience on a baseball team
Cell phone usage

24. Outliers
Outliers are values that are much higher or lower than others in a data set
Chapter 5 Test Scores
1. Calculate the mean of the data set.
2. Calculate the mean leaving out the score of 0.
3. Calculate the mean leaving out both the 20 and the 0.
Answers: , ,

25. Identify the outlier(s) in these costs:
$115, $125, $55, $135, $400, $105, $115, $140
Calculate the mean of the data set.
Calculate the mean of the data set without the outlier(s).
Answers: The outliers would be $400 and $55.
The mean of the entire data set is $
The mean without the outliers is $

26. Write at least three sentences describing how outliers can distort calculations of the mean.

27. Day 4

28. Bell work
Allison’s Math Test Scores The table shows Allison’s scores on four tests. What score does she need on the 5th test to have an overall mean score of 92?
Test
Scores 1 89 2 98 3 85 4 94 5 ?

29. One possible solution strategy
1. Add up the points for the first 4 test scores. =
366
Find out how many points it would take to get a 92 average.
92 x 5 =
460
Subtract to find the points needed on the 5th test. = 94

30. Analyzing Numerical Data
A set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape.
CENTER - A measure of center summarizes all of the values of a data set with a single number (mean, median, mode)
SPREAD - Describes how spread out or varied the data is (range)
OVERALL SHAPE – Skewed left, skewed right, normal distribution, uniform distribution, bimodal distribution

31. Measures of Center
Mean – also called the average, fair share or balance point of a set of data – it can be found using a leveling strategy or by finding the sum of the data divided by the number of pieces of data.
Median – the middle number in a set of data ordered from smallest to largest. If the data set has an odd number of elements, the median is the single middle value. If the data set has an even number of elements, the median is the average of the two middle values.
Mode – the number(s) that occur(s) most often (there can be more than one mode in a data set)

32. Measures of Spread or Variability
Range – the difference between the greatest and least values of the set
Mean Absolute Deviation- the absolute value of each data point from the mean of the data set

33. Hey diddle diddle The median’s in the middle; You add and divide for the mean. The mode is the one that appears the most And the range is the difference between.

34. Find the mean, median, mode & range.

35. Points scored by a basketball team
Find the mean number of points scored. Find the median number of What do the values of the mean and median tell you about the overall shape or distribution of the data?
Player
Points
Ethan 16
Collin 9
Nathan 10
Mason 4
Tyler 12
Aaron 8
Cole 2

36. Puzzle Times
Each of the 20 students in Mr. Anderson’s class timed how long it took them to solve a puzzle. Their times (in minutes) are listed below:
Display the data using a line plot.
Find the mean and median of the data. Does it surprise you that the values of the mean and median are not equal? Explain why or why not.
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (in minutes

37. Overall Shape Bimodal Distribution Normal Distribution
Uniform Distribution
Skewed Right
Skewed Left

38. Day 5 2nd day on previous material
Also, we need to address when finding the mean is the best strategy, when finding the median is best, and when finding the mode is best.

39. This measure is most useful when:
Mean – the data have no outliers (values much larger or smaller than the rest of the data)
Median – the data contains outliers
Mode – data have many repeated numbers or the data is categorical in nature

40. Which is the best measure of center for this data set?

41. Which is the best measure of center for this data set?

42. Which is the best measure of center for this data set?

43. Glencoe Pre-Algebra (2012) pg. 779
1. Jamal said that the number that best represented
the following set of data is 27. Which measure of
central tendency is he referring to?
28, 32, 21, 25, 33, 32, 20, 26
2. The number of books read by the students in each
core literacy class is:
104, 90, 162, 134, 110, 97, 145, 126.
Which measure of central tendency best
describes the data? Explain.
Glencoe Pre-Algebra (2012) pg. 779

44. 3. The high temperatures for one week are
79°, 81°, 77°, 81°, 82°, 75°, and 76°.
If the temperature on the eighth day is 80°, which of the following would be true?
A. The mode will change
B. The mean will increase and the median will remain the same
C. The median will increase and the mean will remain the same
D. Both the mean and the median will increase
Glencoe Pre-Algebra (2012) pg. 779

45. Day 6

46. Bell work: *ACT Aspire Sample Question
Nigel’s class placed 10 empty rain gauges on the playground Monday morning. The line plot below shows the number of inches of rainwater in each gauge after it rained Monday afternoon.
Number of Inches of Rainwater
x x
x x x
x x x x x
3/ / /8 3/ /8
What is the mean amount of rainwater per gauge, in inches, in the 10 rain gauges?

47. What is the mean amount of rainwater per gauge, in inches, in the 10 rain gauges?
B. 5/8
C. 51/80
D. 37/56
E. 51/8
Answer: C

48. Mean absolute deviation
Measures the average amount that the items of a data set differ from the mean of the set.
Find the mean
Find the difference of each value from the mean
Subtract the smaller value from the larger value, so each difference is positive
Find the mean absolute deviation by averaging the differences

49. Hours worked on a Saturday: 4, 5, 7, 12
Mean = ( )/ 4 = 7
Deviations from the mean =
3, 2 , 0, 5
Mean absolute deviation =
( )/4 = 10/4 = 2.5

50. Day 7 and 8

51. Bar Graph
See page 81

52. Bar graphs can be used to display categorical or numerical data.

53. The vertical axis represents the frequency or number of observations
Histograms
A histogram is a special type of bar graph used to display numerical data that has been organized into intervals.
The heights of the bars show the number of people in each group.
The horizontal axis
represents the intervals.
The vertical axis represents the frequency or number of observations

54. To construct a histogram
1. Draw and label a horizontal and vertical axis.
Use equal intervals
Every interval from the lowest value to highest value must be included even if it has a frequency of 0.
2. Include a title
3. For each interval, draw a bar whose height is given by the frequencies.
There is no space between the bars

55. Ages of people who entered a store
Frequency
1-10 5
11-20 8
21-30 14
31-40 18
41-50 20
51-60 13
61-70 6
Display the data in a histogram

56. Days 9 and 10

57. Pre-View of a box and whisker plot

58. Pre-View of a box and whisker plot
What is the scale and interval of the number line below the plot?
Are you able to tell how many parts the data set is divided into?
What do you think the far right and far left points represent (at the end of the whiskers)?
What do you think the line inside the box represents?

59. Pre-View of a box and whisker plot
Where do you think the following labels should go on our box and whisker plot?
Upper extreme, Lower extreme, second (lower) quartile, third (upper) quartile, interquartile range, and median.

60. A Box and Whisker plot
Uses a number line to show the distribution of a set of data. It divides a set of data into four parts using the median and quartiles. A box is drawn around the quartile values, and whiskers extend from each quartile to the minimum and maximum values that are not outliers.

61. Key Features of a box plot
Quartiles
The median is the middle quartile
The median of the lower half of the data is the lower quartile.
The median of the upper half of the data is the upper quartile
The lower extreme forms the lower whisker.
The upper extreme forms the upper whisker.
Interquartile Range (IQR) is the difference between the upper quartile and the lower quartile

62. Outliers – data more than 1
Outliers – data more than 1.5 times the value of the interquartile range beyond the quartiles
Step 1: Find the median, lower quartile, and
upper quartile.
Step 2: Find the interquartile range.
Step 3: Multiply the interquartile range by
1.5.
Step 4: Subtract the value from the lower
quartile and add the value to the

63. Find any outliers in the data set. Animal Speeds
Glencoe Pre-Algebra (2012) pg. 793
Step 1: median - 30
lower quartile - 15
upper quartile - 35
Step 2: interquartile range – 15 = 20
Step 3: IQR x 1.5
20 x 1.5 = 30
Step 4: lower quartile – – 30 = -15
upper quartile + 30
= 65
70 is an outlier
Animal
Speed (mph)
Squirrel 12
Turkey 15
Elephant 25
Cat 30
Reindeer 32
Rabbit 35
Cheetah 70

64. Steps to creating a box plot
1. Organize the data from smallest to largest.
2. Identify the lower extreme, lower quartile, median,
upper quartile, upper extreme.
3. Find the interquartile range.
4. Identify any outliers, use an asterisk(*) to indicate
an outlier. It is not connected to a whisker.
5. Draw the number line, mark the scale, and label the
scale.
6. Draw the box plot.
7. Give the box plot a title.

65. Pre-View of a box and whisker plot
Write 3-5 sentences summarizing the data displayed.

66. Key Ideas The shortest hair measured was 9 cm.
The lower quartile is 13 cm.
The median is 25 cm.
The upper quartile is 33 cm.
The longest hair measured was 42 cm.
The range is 42 cm – 9 cm or 33 cm.
The interquartile range is 33 cm -13 cm = 20 cm
The middle half of the data lies between 33 and 13. So the middle half of the girls measured had hair between 33cm and 13 cm. This is more variability in the lower half of the data indicating that more girls had hair lower than 25 cm than had hair longer than 25 cm.

67. Limitations of a box and whisker plot
The box plot provides a summary of the data. It does not show the number of observations (so you can’t find the mean) nor does it indicate if a particular value was especially common (so you can’t find the mode).

68. Higher –Order Thinking Skills
1. The range is always, sometimes, or never affected by outliers. Justify your reasoning.
2. True or false. The interquartile range is affected by outliers of the data set. Explain your reasoning.
3. It is always, sometimes, or never possible for the mean, median, and mode to be equal? Justify your reasoning.
4. Can a data set have more than one median? Explain.
Glencoe Pre-Algebra (2012) pg. 778 and 796